Spatial-temporal investigation of water quality and pollution of Sirvan River (Sanandaj-Kurdistan)
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Abstract
Gaveh-rood and Gheshlagh Rivers are the main branches of the Sirvan River. Zhaveh Dam was built on this river for agricultural and industrial purposes. Determining water quality and pollution levels in the Sirvan River, as well as predicting the trophic conditions of the Zhaveh Dam reservoir, were the major objectives of this study before the operational phase of the dam.
Sampling was conducted at five selected surface water stations located along the Gheshlagh and Gaveh-rood River branches and at the Zhaveh Dam reservoir site. In this study, 27 water quality parameters, including physical variables, hardness, alkalinity, nutrients, and sulfate, were investigated. Comparison of the obtained data with national and international standards showed that only nitrate concentrations were within permissible limits, while the remaining parameters exceeded the allowable limits by one to several times, especially organic nitrogen. These findings indicate that the water was polluted and of poor quality at different stations, particularly at Stations 2 and 3 in the Gheshlagh branch.
Based on the Iran Water Quality Index (IRWQI) and the Comprehensive Water Pollution Index (CPI), all sampling stations, except the upstream section of the Gheshlagh River (Station 1), were classified as “very bad” water quality (Class V) and severely polluted (CPI = 2.01). Furthermore, according to total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) values, the area was classified as hypertrophic.
Therefore, the study recommends improving river water quality in order to reduce adverse environmental impacts and promote the sustainable use of water resources.
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