Autism Spectrum Disorder: Psychological Assessment, Diagnosis, and Intervention-An Updated Review

Abstract

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition defined by impairments  in social communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior. Its prevalence has increased globally due to  improved diagnostic awareness, broadened clinical criteria, and enhanced surveillance systems. Despite extensive  research, ASD remains a highly heterogeneous condition with multifactorial etiology and variable clinical outcomes.  Aim: This paper aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of ASD covering diagnostic criteria, epidemiology,  etiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, management approaches, prognosis, and associated complications.  Methods: A narrative review approach was adopted using evidence-based literature, clinical guidelines, and DSM-5 TR diagnostic criteria. The review integrates findings from genetic, neurobiological, environmental, and clinical  research to present a holistic understanding of ASD. Results: ASD is associated with strong genetic contributions,  including synaptic and transcriptional gene pathways, alongside environmental risk factors such as prenatal exposures  and perinatal complications. Neurobiological findings suggest altered brain connectivity, atypical synaptogenesis, and  abnormal developmental trajectories. Diagnosis is clinical, supported by standardized tools and behavioral assessment.  Management requires individualized, multidisciplinary interventions incorporating behavioral therapies, educational  support, and pharmacological treatment for comorbid conditions. Prognosis varies widely and is influenced by early  intervention, cognitive ability, and family support. Complications frequently include psychiatric disorders, epilepsy,  sleep disturbances, and intellectual disability. Conclusion: ASD is a multifactorial condition requiring early  identification and lifelong, integrated management strategies. A shift toward neurodiversity-informed care emphasizes  both support needs and individual strengths, improving functional outcomes and quality of life.