Clinical Assessment, Early Recognition, and Interprofessional Care in Acute Cholecystitis for Emergency and Nursing Practice-An Updated Review

Abstract

Background: Acute cholecystitis is an inflammatory condition of the gallbladder most commonly resulting from obstruction of the cystic duct by gallstones, leading to bile stasis, increased intraluminal pressure, ischemia, and infection. It represents a frequent cause of acute abdominal pain and surgical admission, particularly among adults with metabolic and hormonal risk factors. The condition may also occur without gallstones in critically ill patients due to impaired gallbladder emptying and systemic illness. Aim and Methods: The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of acute cholecystitis with emphasis on clinical assessment, early recognition, and interprofessional management relevant to emergency and nursing practice. A structured narrative review approach was used to synthesize evidence from established clinical literature addressing epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, complications, and treatment strategies. Results: Findings indicate that diagnosis relies on integration of clinical presentation, laboratory abnormalities such as leukocytosis and liver enzyme elevation, and imaging modalities including ultrasound, computed tomography, and hepatobiliary scintigraphy. Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains the definitive treatment and is associated with reduced morbidity and mortality when performed within 72 hours of symptom onset. Conservative management and percutaneous interventions are reserved for high-risk or unstable patients. Delayed or untreated disease is associated with severe complications, including gallbladder perforation, abscess formation, and sepsis. Conclusion: In conclusion, acute cholecystitis requires timely diagnosis and coordinated multidisciplinary management to optimize outcomes. Early surgical intervention significantly improves prognosis and reduces complications.