Evaluation of the primary production and maximum fish production in Salman Farsi Reservoir, Fars Province, Iran
Main Article Content
Abstract
Primary production in water bodies corresponds to their fish production capacity. Aquaculture planning for water resources is conducted based on specific geographical conditions and their internal and external factors. Understanding the fish production capacity of lakes enables predictions for exploitation (fishing) and restoration of reserves. This research aims to estimate the primary production of the Salman Farsi Reservoir, Fars Province, on the Ghare Aghaj River, to evaluate fish production capacity and plan aquaculture development. Sampling was conducted to measure dissolved oxygen, water temperature, pH, conductivity, transparency, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and chlorophyll-a in three transversal sections along the side, surface, and deep areas of the open water, with three repetitions in four seasons during 2023–2024. Trophic conditions were estimated using Trophic Status Index (TSI) models. Total production of the lake was calculated using the Brämick-Lemke and Koeschel models, while fish production was calculated using the Brämick-Lemke and Downing models. The annual average of dissolved oxygen, transparency, electrical conductivity, pH, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and chlorophyll-a concentration in the lake was 8.2 ppm, 4.1 meters, 1387 µS/cm, 8.3, 0.174 ppm, 4.50 ppm, and 1.38 ppm, respectively. The average TSI based on transparency, phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, and Carlson’s index was 40, 78, 33, and 50. The initial production size in the lake was estimated 292 gC.m-²y-1. Fish production capacity was calculated based on primary production at 39 Kg.ha-1.y-1 and based on phosphorus at 33 Kg.ha-1.y-1, with an average of 36 Kg.ha-1.y-1. Considering the 2000-hectare livable area for fish in the lake, the total fish production this year was estimated at 71.8 tons. Under current lake conditions, the allowable fishing size was estimated to be 7 to 11 tons of fish per year. Determining the production capacity and trophic level can help maximize exploitation while minimizing ecological impacts and potential risks associated with restocking and fishing, such as the introduction of excessive juvenile fish into the lake.
Article Details
Section
How to Cite
References
Adeloye, A.J., 2012. Hydrological Sizing of Water Supply Reservoirs. In: Bengtsson, L., Herschy, R.W., Fairbridge, R.W. (eds) Encyclopedia of Lakes and Reservoirs. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer, Dordrecht. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4410-6_92](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4410-6_92)
Bishai, H. and Khalil, M.T., 1990. Estimation of fish production and potential yield in Lake Manzala, Egypt. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 119(3), [https://doi.org/10.1127/archivhydrobiol/119/1990/331](https://doi.org/10.1127/archivhydrobiol/119/1990/331)
Brämick, U. and Lemcke, R., 2001. Regional application of a fish yield estimation procedure to lakes in north-east Germany. Limnologica, 33, 205-213. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0075-9511(03)80014-2](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0075-9511%2803%2980014-2)
Cael B.B. and Seekell D.A. 2023. How does lake primary production scale with lake size?. Front. Environ. Sci. 11:1103068. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2023.1103068
Carlson, R.E., 1977. A trophic state index for lakes. Limnology and Oceanography, 22, 361–369. [https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1977.22.2.0361](https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1977.22.2.0361)
Carlson, R.E. and Simpson J., 1996. A Coordinator’s Guide to Volunteer Lake Monitoring Methods. North American Lake Management Society. 96 P.
Chattopadhyey, C. and Banerjee, T.C., 2008. Water temperature and primary production in the euphotic zone of the tropical shallow fresh water lake. Asian Journal of Experimental Sciences, 22(i),103-108.
Chislock, M.F., Doster, E., Zitomer, R.A. and Wilson, A.E., 2013. Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences, and Controls in Aquatic Ecosystems. Nature Education Knowledge, 4(4):10.
Darchambeau, F., Sarmento, H. and Descy, J.P., 2014. Primary production in a tropical large lake: The role of phytoplankton composition. Science of the Total Environment, (473–474) 178–188. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.036](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.036)
Downing, J.A., Plante, C. and Lalonde, S., 1990. Fish Production Correlated with Primary Productivity, not the Morphoedaphic. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 47, 1929–1936. [https://doi.org/10.1139/f90-217](https://doi.org/10.1139/f90-217)
Goldsworthy C.A., Carl D.D., Sitar S.P., Seider M.J., Vinson M.R., Harding I., Pratt T.C., Piszczek P.P., Berglund E.K., Michaels S.B., and Barber J.M. 2024. Lake Superior fish community and fisheries, 2001–2022: An era of stability, Journal of Great Lakes Research, 102414, [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102414](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102414).
Gomes L.C., Miranda, L.E. and Agostinho, A.A., 2002. Fisheries yield relative to chlorophyll a in reservoirs of the upper Parana River, Brazil. Fisheries Research, 55, 335–340. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00278-8](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836%2801%2900278-8)
Greenberg, A.E., Clesceri, L.S. and Eaton, A.D. (ed)., 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 8th edition. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation, USA. [https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.56.3.387](https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.56.3.387)
Hakanson L. and Boulion, V., 2001. Regularities in primary production, Secchi depth and fish yield and a new system to define trophic and humic state indices for lake ecosystems. International Review of Hydrobiology, 86(1),23–62. [https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-2632(200101)86](https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-2632%28200101%2986):
Hamid, A., Bhat, S.U. and Jehangir, A., 2020. Local determinants influencing stream water quality. Applied Water Sciences, 10, 24. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1043-4](https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1043-4)
Hedayatifard, M., Musavi-Nadoushan, R., Khomkhaji, N. and Vahidi, F., 2011. Investigating the changes in the density of zooplanktons with the concentration of chlorophyll a in Velasht Lake. Journal of Aquatic and Fisheries, 2(6), 65–77.
Henderson, H.F., Ryder, R.A. and Kudhogania, A.W., 1973. Assessing fishery potentials of lakes and reservoirs. Journal of Fisheries Research Board Canada, 30(12), 2000–2009. [https://doi.org/10.1139/f73-324](https://doi.org/10.1139/f73-324)
Ho, Long T. and Goethal P.L.M., 2019. Opportunities and challenges for the sustainability of lakes and reservoirs in relation to the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Water, 11(7), 1462. [https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071462](https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071462)
Hooker, H., Chow-Wong, N., Rivas, K., Erikson, R., Ahlgren, I. and Ahlgren, G., 2001. Primary production and estimation of fish yield potential in Lake Cocibolca, Nicaragua. Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen, 27(6), 3589-3594. [https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1998.11902496](https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1998.11902496)
Jager, H.I. and Smith, B.T., 2008. Sustainable reservoir operation: can we generate hydropower and preserve ecosystem values? River Research and Applications, 24(3), 341-352. [https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1069](https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1069)
John, A.D., Plante, C. and Lalonde, S., 1990. Fish production correlated with primary productivity, not morphoedaphic index. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 47,1929–1936. [https://doi.org/10.1139/f90-217](https://doi.org/10.1139/f90-217)
Khalafe-Nilsaz, M. 2008. Estimation of primary production, trophic level and production capacity of Karkheh dam lake. The Third Iran Water Resources Management Conference. Tabriz, October 14–16.
Khalafe-Nilsaz, M., 2010. Estimation of fish production capacity in the lake of Shahid Abbaspur, Masjid Suleiman, Karun 3, Marun, Dez and Karkheh dams in Khuzestan province. The first national conference of applied research in water resources. Kermanshah, May 10. [https://civilica.com/doc/112962](https://civilica.com/doc/112962).
Khalil, M.T. 1998. Prediction of fish yield and potential productivity from limnological data in lake Borollus, Egypt. International Journal of Salt Lake Research, 6,323–330. [https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02447914](https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02447914)
Koeschel, R., Haubold, G., Kasprzak, R., Koeschler, L., Proft, G. and Ronneberger, D. 1981. Eine limnologische Zustandsanalyse des Feldberger Haussees. Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica, 9, 255–279. [https://doi.org/10.1002/aheh.19810090304](https://doi.org/10.1002/aheh.19810090304)
Krishnarao, D.S., Ramakrishniah, A.K., Das, M. and Karthikean, M., 2002. Primary production and fishery potential of reservoirs of Karnatka. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 49(2),123-133.
Lapointe, N.W.R., Cooke, S.J., Imhof, J.G., Boisclair, D., Casselman, J.M., Curry, R.A., Langer, O.E., Mclaughlin, R.L., Minns, C.K., Post, J.R., Power, M., Rasmussen, J.B., Reynolds, J.D., Richardson, J.S. and Tonn, W.M. 2014. Principles for ensuring healthy and productive freshwater ecosystems that support sustainable fisheries. Environmental Reviews, 22(2),110-134. [https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0038](https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0038)
Leith, H. and Whittaker, R.H. [Eds.], 1975. Primary productivity of the biosphere. Ecological Studies, v. 14. Springer‐Verlag, New York, 339P.
Mohammadi, H., Paighambari, S.Y., Abdolmaleki, S., Fallahi, M., Ghorbani, R. and Hossaini, A., 2017. Trophic status and fish production potential of Golbolagh Lake (West of Kurdistan Province). Journal of Aquatic Ecology, 7(1),126–139. 20.1001.1.23222751.1396.7.1.12.7
Nielsen, E. and Richardson, K., 1996. Can changes in fishery yield in the Kattegat (1950-1992) be linked to changes in primary productions? Marine Science, 53, 998-994. [https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.1996.0123](https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.1996.0123)
Oglesby, R.T., 1977. Relationships of fish yield to Lake Phytoplankton standing crop, production, and morphoedaphic factors. Journal of Fisheries Research Board Canada, 34, 2271–2279. [https://doi.org/10.1139/f77-305](https://doi.org/10.1139/f77-305)
Parham, H., Jafarzadeh, N., Dehghan, S. and Kian-ersy, F., 2007. Investigating changes in nitrogen and phosphorus concentration and some physical and chemical parameters in the lake behind Karkheh dam and determining its balance. Science Journal of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, 17(B), 117–125.
Pierson, D.C., 2012. Light and primary production in lakes. In: Bengtsson, L., Herschy, R.W., Fairbridge, R.W. (eds) Encyclopedia of lakes and reservoirs. Encyclopedia of earth sciences series. Springer, Dordrecht. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4410-6_261](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4410-6_261)
Rajashekhar, F., K.M. and Baburrao, M. 2011. Primary productivity in inland reservoirs, Gulbarga district, Karnatka, South India. Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2(I.1),11-14.
Roohi A., Naderi Jolodar M., Nasrollazadeh H., Fazli H., Afraei Bandpaei M.A., Rowshantabari M., et al. 2019. Natural Production assessment of Azad Sanandaj reservoir to produce fish. Journal of Aquaculture Development, 12(4),29–49. 20.1001.1.23223545.1397.12.4.9.9
Rus, D.L., Patton, C.J., Mueller, D.K. and Crawford, C.G., 2012. Assessing total nitrogen in surface-water samples– Precision and bias of analytical and computational methods: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5281, 38P. [https://www.usgs.gov/publications/assessing-total-nitrogen-surface-water-samples-precision-and-bias-analytical-and](https://www.usgs.gov/publications/assessing-total-nitrogen-surface-water-samples-precision-and-bias-analytical-and)
Shuvo, A., O’Reilly, C.M., Blagrave, K. et al. 2021. Total phosphorus and climate are equally important predictors of water quality in lakes. Aquatic Sciences, 83, 16. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-021-00776-w](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-021-00776-w)
Sreenivasan, A., 1969. Primary production and fish yield in a tropical impoundment, Stanley Reservoir. Mettur dam, Madras state, south India. Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences, 35(2),125-130.
Stockner, J.G., Langston, A.R. and Wilson, G.A., 2001. The limnology of Williston reservoir. Peace/Williston Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program, Report No. 242. 51P.
Theng V., Sith R., Uk S. and Yoshimura C. 2023. Phytoplankton productivity in a tropical lake-floodplain system revealed by a process-based primary production model, Ecological Modelling, 479,110317. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110317](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110317)
Vollenweider, A.R., 1974. A manual on methods for measuring primary production in aquatic environments. 2nd Edition, IBP Handbook, No. 12, Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, UK, 210P.
Zamanpoore, M. 2023. Limnological Observations and Primary Production of Haft Barm Lakes, Fars Province, Iran, ECOPERSIA, 11(4):307–318.
Zamanpoore, M. and Ghaed-Abdi, M.R., 2006. Investigating the effect of drought on the ecological characteristics and water quality of Dorudzen Reservoir. Project Report. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization of Iran. Reg. no. 49499. 85P.
Zamanpoore, M., Ebrahimi, M.H., Ahmadi, N., Jowkar, L. and Mokhayer, Z., 2019. Chemical and Physical Properties of Water in Salman-Farsi Reservoir, Fars Province. Watershed Management Research, 32(1),19–30.
Zamanpoore, M., Ebrahimi, M.H., Abbaspour, F. et al., 2022. Ecology of the food web of fishes in Dorudzen Reservoir, Fars Province. Research Project Report. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization of Iran. Reg. no. 61862. 101P.