Altitudinal Migration of Birds Driven by Climate Change And Its Impact On Agroecosystems in Northern Peru

Abstract

Ecological dynamics and interactions in Andean ecosystems are being modified because climate change is causing birds in tropical mountainous areas to move altitudinally. The purpose of the study was to analyze the altitudinal migration suffered by birds due to climate change and its impact on agroecosystems in the Andean area of northern Peru, specifically in Cajamarca. A mixed methodology was used that included climate modelling (WorldClim 2; RCP 8.5 scenarios), species distribution modelling (MaxEnt), statistical analyses (Pearson correlation and linear regression) and field studies (point counts and transects). To assess socio-ecological perceptions, interviews were conducted with local people to collect qualitative data. Six species of birds were identified as altitudinal migratory birds that settle in the Quechua region (2350–3500 m a.s.l.) and show signs of reproduction and permanent colonization. A significant positive correlation was found between the increase in temperature and the presence of birds (r ≈ 0.99; p < 0.001), which validates the changes in the distribution caused by the climate. From the ecological angle, the existence of competition between species and that native species were displaced was noted, in addition to the fact that there were trophic imbalances related to the disappearance of predators. Socio-economic impacts included crop damages, issues related to city cleanliness, and diverse local perceptions. In summary, the altitudinal movement of birds in Cajamarca is an ecological change promoted by the climate that has significant consequences for biodiversity and the socioeconomic environment. To reduce ecosystem deterioration in Andean landscapes, integrated adaptive management and monitoring approaches are urgently needed.