Seasonal Dynamics of Physico-Chemical Water Quality Parameters in Dumri Pond, Muzaffarpur (Bihar), India: Implications for Freshwater Ecosystem Health

Abstract

In the present study, we examined the monthly variations several physicochemical parameters of the Dumri Pond water from January 2025 to December 2025. The parameters included temperature, pH, conductivity, transparency, turbidity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, free carbon dioxide, alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, and phosphate concentration. Our finding revealed that temperature, transparency, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand and total hardness exceeded the permissible limit for water intended for human consumption and domestic use. Overall, the results indicate a progressive deterioration in the quality of the pond water. The situation highlights the urgent need for immediate and regular monitoring of water quality for formulation of effective pollution control measures. Additionally, appropriate management interventions are necessary to prevent further ecological decline and to ensure the long-term sustainability of the pond ecosystem.