A Narrative Review Technological Advances and Sustainability Outcomes of Recirculating Aquaculture Systems

Abstract

Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) have become an innovative and sustainable technology that can overcome the environmental and resource constraints of traditional aquaculture. RAS significantly decreases the amount of freshwater needed, enhances water quality and biosecurity, and allows for high-density fish production by continuously treating and reusing culture water through integrated mechanical, biological, and chemical filtration. The use of advanced biofiltration, automated monitoring systems, the Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, artificial intelligence (AI), and precision aquaculture are some of the recent technological advancements that have further enhanced the performance of the systems, operational efficiency, and environmental sustainability. This narrative review combines the latest information and insights into the principles, key elements, technological developments, sustainability, and challenges of RAS. The review emphasizes the substantial impact of RAS on water conservation, nutrient reductions, fish health, production efficiency, and the potential for incorporating circular economy strategies like aquaponics and nutrient recovery. Yet the potential for widespread adoption is limited by the large capital costs, significant energy demand, complexity of operation, and the need for trained staff. Further studies should focus on energy-efficient system designs, AI-based decision support tools, the use of renewable energy, optimized microbial management, and detailed life cycle assessments for enhancing the environmental and economic sustainability of RAS. Overall, technology and cross-disciplinary cooperation will be essential for expanding the use of RAS and to promoting the sustainable development of aquaculture to satisfy the growing demand for aquatic food globally.