Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance enteropathogenic Vibrio sp. along with antibiotic-resistant genes and status of diarrhea in the fisherpersons of Sundarbans

Abstract

In India, diarrhoeal illness is an unresolved issue. The Sundarbans region is also a diarrhea-endemic zone, with significant annual incidences that mostly afflict the Sundarbans residents during the monsoon season. Vibrio sp. and other halophilic, opportunistic, non-cholerae vibrios are encouraged to proliferate in the marine and coastal ecology. Along with fish and shellfish, Vibrio sp. is abundant in coastal and estuarine environments. Due to the presence of virulent or toxic genes (tox-R, trh, and trl) in Vibrios that are rarely found in the environment, approximately 20 Vibrio sp. have been linked to human disease (12 species have been identified for zoonotic infection). The development of antibiotic resistance by antibiotic-resistant genes (AMR & AMRGs) among these bacteria will make the situation more complicated. These vibrios invade as opportunistic pathogens directly or are spread through zoonotic transmission from fish and shellfish to fishermen, resulting in massive gastrointestinal diseases, including diarrhoea. According to recent research, aquatic environments like estuaries and coastal regions are rich potential reservoirs of resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs). Therefore, the main way that resistance genes are transferred to human diseases is through aquatic environments. Vibrio sp. is the most common bacteria in marine creatures, according to the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, which has already identified them as suitable candidates for tracking AMR. Ampicillin, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Co-trimoxazole, Norfloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Pefloxacin, Kanamycin, and Vancomycin are only a few of the drugs to which bacteria identified from sediment and soil samples of the Sundarbans have demonstrated resistance. The proliferation of gastropathogenic bacteria and their antimicrobial genes throughout the Indian Sundarbans mangrove soil and water puts Sundarbans' lives and livelihoods at the highest risk. The pathogenic Vibrio species (V. cholerae, V. vulnificus, V. fluvialis, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. fluvialis) that are linked to coastal floods and the influx of seawater farther inland are initially encountered by fishermen. Therefore, more research is needed to determine the long-term impacts of microbial dysbiosis on disease susceptibility, antibiotic resistance, and the economic viability of aquaculture as well as the quality of life of Sundarban fishermen.