Assessment of Infection Control Practices Among Nurses, Laboratory Staff, and Pharmacists in Nipah Virus Care-An Updated Review

Abstract

Background: Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic RNA virus within the Henipavirus genus, responsible for recurrent outbreaks in South and Southeast Asia. It is associated with high case fatality rates, severe encephalitis, and respiratory failure, and is classified as a Biosafety Level 4 pathogen due to the absence of licensed vaccines or definitive antiviral therapy. Healthcare workers, particularly nurses, laboratory personnel, and pharmacists, are at increased risk of occupational exposure during outbreak response, making infection control practices critical for prevention and containment. Aim: This updated review aims to evaluate infection control practices among nurses, laboratory staff, and pharmacists in the context of Nipah virus care, with emphasis on transmission prevention, biosafety adherence, and multidisciplinary preparedness. Methods: A structured narrative review approach was applied, synthesizing current peer-reviewed literature, WHO guidance, and outbreak reports related to Nipah virus infection control. Evidence was analyzed focusing on clinical transmission risks, laboratory biosafety procedures, pharmaceutical handling protocols, and nursing-level infection prevention strategies in healthcare settings. Results: Findings indicate that Nipah virus transmission occurs through direct contact with infected animals, contaminated food products, and human-to-human spread via body fluids. High-risk exposure is amplified in hospital settings without strict infection control adherence. Effective prevention relies on isolation protocols, personal protective equipment, environmental decontamination, and early detection through RT-PCR diagnostics. Laboratory staff face significant biosafety risks requiring BSL-4 containment measures. Nurses play a central role in barrier nursing and patient isolation, while pharmacists contribute to antiviral stewardship and investigational drug management. Gaps remain in rapid diagnostic availability and standardized antiviral therapy. Conclusion: Effective infection control in Nipah virus care depends on coordinated multidisciplinary practices. Strengthening training, biosafety compliance, and outbreak preparedness among nurses, laboratory staff, and pharmacists is essential to reduce transmission and improve outbreak response.