OPTIMIZATION OF NUTRITIONAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS FOR ENHANCED BIOSURFACTANT PRODUCTION BY BACILLUS SUBTILIS ISOLATES
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Abstract
Biosurfactants are surface-active microbial metabolites with considerable potential as environmentally compatible alternatives to synthetic surfactants (Desai and Banat, 1997). The present study investigated the optimization of nutritional and physicochemical parameters that influence biosurfactant production in two indigenousBacillus subtilisisolates, BS4 and BS9. The isolates were selected based on positive responses in preliminary biosurfactant screening assays and were identified by morphological, biochemical, and 16S rDNA-based characterization. Both isolates were found to produce the highest biosurfactant levels in mineral salt medium (MSM), which was therefore selected as the production medium. Optimization was performed by evaluating different hydrocarbon sources, hydrocarbon concentrations, nitrogen sources, and nitrogen concentrations, followed by optimization of pH and temperature. Among nine hydrocarbon sources tested at 1%, Castrol supported the highest biosurfactant production by BS4 (6.0 g/L), whereas BS9 produced 4.6 g/L with Castrol. Increasing the concentration of selected hydrocarbon sources demonstrated that 2% Castrol supported maximum production by BS4 (10.9 g/L), while BS9 produced 6.9 g/L under the same conditions. Sodium nitrate was identified as the preferred nitrogen source for both isolates. The maximum values obtained during nitrogen-source concentration optimization were 14.2 g/L for BS4 and 10.5 g/L for BS9 at 1.5% sodium nitrate. Optimization of physicochemical conditions showed that BS4 produced 15.7-15.9 g/L at pH 6-7, while BS9 showed maximum production of 13.4 g/L at pH 7. Both isolates exhibited maximum production at 45°C, with yields of 17.3 g/L for BS4 and 18.9 g/L for BS9. Optimized conditions resulted substantial enhancement of biosurfactant production, demonstrating the importance of nutritional and physicochemical parameters in improving biosurfactant productivity by B. subtilisisolates (Abdel-Mawgoud et al., 2008; Mukherjee et al., 2006).
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