Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Urban Green Spaces and Built-Up Expansion in Mysuru City, India: An Integrated LULC, NDVI, and NDBI-Based Geospatial Assessment
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Abstract
Rapid urbanization has significantly altered land use patterns and ecological conditions in many Indian cities, resulting in the reduction and fragmentation of urban green spaces. Assessing the spatial and temporal dynamics of vegetation and built-up areas is essential for sustainable urban planning and environmental management. This study investigates changes in urban green spaces in Mysuru City, Karnataka, India, between 2001 and 2025 using an integrated geospatial approach based on Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) classification, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI). Multi-temporal Landsat satellite imagery was processed using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques to evaluate urban expansion, vegetation dynamics, and land-cover transformations. The results reveal a substantial increase in built-up area from 52.4 km² in 2001 to 57.9 km² in 2025, accompanied by a significant reduction in open land from 15.6 km² to 5.4 km². Although the overall vegetation class increased from 17.6 km² to 22.0 km², NDVI analysis indicates a considerable decline in dense green spaces from 2.06 km² to 0.34 km², suggesting increasing vegetation fragmentation and degradation. Change detection analysis further demonstrates that 15.31 km² of open land and 4.63 km² of vegetation were converted into built-up areas during the study period. The NDBI results confirm the progressive expansion of urban infrastructure and impervious surfaces across the city. The findings highlight the growing pressure of urban development on ecological resources and emphasize the importance of integrating geospatial technologies into urban planning frameworks. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers and urban planners in developing strategies for green space conservation, sustainable land management, and environmentally resilient urban growth..
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