Genetic modification on the disease of oral cavity

Abstract

Subtle changes to the genetic code can result in profoundly debilitating and diverse pathologies. The hereditary nature of human traits has been described since classical times.  In the history of modern medicine, the first known genetic disorder, alkaptonuria, was described at the turn of the twentieth century, giving rise to the recognition of inborn errors of metabolism[1]. Diseases with their basis in mutations and alterations of the human genetic code represent a massive burden, and recognized genetic disorders affect more than 5% of live births and more than two-thirds of miscarriages[2].Beyond highly penetrant monogenic disorders and large-scale chromosomal alterations, the heritability of many common diseases has long suggested a genetic basis for more prevalent disorders such as cardiovascular disease [3].The prospect of passing genetic afflictions on to the next generation adds to the fear of these disorders. The first heritable alteration in a protein linked to disease was identified in sickle cell anemia in the late 1940s, with the discovery of altered shifts during electrophoresis, a change that