Cancer O: An Integrated Preventive Dentistry and Oral Medicine Approach

Abstract

Oral cancer represents a significant global health problem with increasing incidence and mortality worldwide. Despite advances in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, survival rates remain relatively low, primarily due to late diagnosis and insufficient awareness of risk factors. This review aims to highlight the importance of prevention, early detection, and comprehensive management of oral cancer through an integrated preventive dentistry and oral medicine approach. The article discusses the epidemiology of oral cancer, major etiological factors such as tobacco use, alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus infection, poor oral hygiene, and dietary influences. Additionally, it reviews oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), which represent an important stage in the development of oral malignancies. Diagnostic approaches including clinical examination, vital tissue staining, biopsy, imaging techniques, and emerging diagnostic tools such as salivary biomarkers and spectroscopy are also discussed. Furthermore, current treatment modalities including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy are summarized. Early diagnosis and preventive strategies remain essential for improving survival outcomes and reducing disease burden. Enhancing public awareness, promoting healthy lifestyles, and strengthening screening programs are critical steps in controlling oral cancer and improving patient prognosis.