Spatiotemporal Variability of Ozone Layer Thickness in Relation to Temperature–Specific Humidity Changes over Iraq Using R.S and GIS Techniques ( 2005–2025 )

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of temperature (in Kelvin units) and specific humidity (in kg/kg units) on the ozone layer over Iraq and its surrounding regions. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies were utilized. Satellite-based atmospheric data were analyzed in this study for two aims. Firstly, detect spatial and temporal variations in ozone layer thickness, and secondly, assess their relationship with climatic parameters during the study period (2005-2025). GIS techniques were employed to map ozone concentration patterns, identify zones of depletion, and perform spatial correlation analyses with temperature and humidity distributions. The results reveal notable seasonal and regional fluctuations in ozone thickness, with significant links to changes in surface temperature and humidity levels. These findings highlight the importance of environmental monitoring and provide valuable insights for understanding atmospheric behavior in the Middle East, supporting future climate studies and environmental protection strategies.