Experimental Investigation of Sustainable High-Strength Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating Metakaolin, Micro Silica, and Manufactured Sand

Abstract

Objectives: This study aims to introduce a new concept called ???? – Level Bijective Single Valued Neutrosophic sets and extend this concept to graphs. It also seeks to establish fundamental set- theoretic operations within this framework. Methods: The study defines basic operations of Bijective Single Valued Neutrosophic sets which include subset, equality, union, intersection and difference. Additionally, the α- level approach is applied to analyze these sets and De Morgan’s laws are formulated within this context. Findings: The paper successfully developes the theoretical foundations of ???? – Level Bijective Single Valued Neutrosophic sets and demonstrates several results based on the defined operations.   it also verifies that De Morgan’s laws hold under the proposed structure. Novelty: The novelty of this work lies in introducing the concept of ???? – Level Bijective Single Valued Neutrosophic sets and extending it to graph, providing a new perspective and framework for handling uncertainty and indeterminacy in mathematical structures. Also it has an application in social media.The increasing demand for sustainable construction materials has accelerated research into eco-friendly alternatives that reduce the environmental impact of conventional concrete. This study presents an experimental investigation on the fresh, hardened, and durability properties of High-Strength Self-Compacting Concrete (HSSCC) incorporating Metakaolin (MK), Micro Silica (MS), and Manufactured Sand (M-Sand). Metakaolin and Micro Silica were used as partial replacements for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), while M-Sand was utilized as a complete replacement for natural river sand to promote sustainable resource utilization and minimize environmental degradation caused by excessive sand mining. The fresh properties of HSSCC were evaluated using Slump Flow, V-Funnel, and L-Box tests to assess workability, filling ability, and passing ability. Hardened concrete properties, including compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength, were determined at different curing periods. Durability performance was assessed through the Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) to evaluate resistance against chloride ion penetration. The experimental results indicate that the incorporation of Metakaolin and Micro Silica significantly enhances the mechanical strength and durability of concrete by refining the pore structure and promoting additional pozzolanic reactions. Although higher Micro Silica content slightly reduces workability, it substantially improves compressive strength and long-term durability. Furthermore, the use of Manufactured Sand provides a sustainable and effective alternative to natural sand without compromising concrete performance. The optimized HSSCC mix demonstrates superior structural performance, improved durability, and reduced environmental impact, making it a promising material for modern infrastructure, high-rise buildings, bridges, precast elements, and other sustainable construction applications.