International Journal of Aquatic Research and Environmental Studies
Evaluating The Implications Of Digital Marketing On Integrated Marketing Communication And Organisational Performance In Chinese Mobile Phone Companies
In this study, the mobile phone sector in China was the only subject of investigation. The major purpose of this study is to improve our knowledge of the connection that exists between digital marketing, Internet marketing communications (IMC), and a number of other marketing tactics and the overall profitability of a company. As a result of the rapid development of digital technology, the manner in which businesses promote has been radically transformed. Businesses are increasingly acknowledging the potential of digital platforms to enhance communication and generate additional revenue. The overarching purpose of the study is to determine the extent to which digital marketing makes a difference in the performance of businesses. There are a variety of ways that advertisements can be displayed on the internet, such as paid social network postings, content marketing, search engine optimisation (SEO), digital ads, and online advertising. To do this quantitative research, one method that may be utilised is to investigate the management and marketing records of the most prominent Chinese mobile phone manufacturers. Researchers can investigate the interrelationships of the variables through the use of structural equation modelling (SEM). Through the analysis of these data, the researcher will be able to get a more in-depth understanding of digital marketing, which will enable the researcher to improve our communication with our constituents and compete in highly competitive marketplaces. Companies that manufacture mobile phones in China place a significant amount of emphasis on digital marketing since it is essential to the success of their IMC and their overall business operations. Because of this, it is absolutely necessary to incorporate online marketing into an entire public relations plan.
Assessment of atmospheric dynamics in the high Andean region of Chimborazo Province. Evaluación de la dinámica atmosférica en la zona alto andina Provincia-Chimborazo
The study evaluates the dynamic conditions of the lower atmosphere in the high Andean zone of the province of Chimborazo, using the Van Ulden-Holtslag model, adapted to the particular altitude and temperature conditions of the area, as well as to the specific soil conditions. Data obtained from the Atillo, Tixán, and Chocaví weather stations, collected hourly between 2018 and 2021, were used for the variables: humidity, pressure, radiation, temperature, and wind speed. In addition, data such as roughness, albedo, air density, Bowen index, and runoff constant were collected. Applying the Van Ulden-Holtslag model, heat fluxes, friction velocity, and, fundamentally, the Obukhov length were calculated to define stability levels according to the Pasquill classification. The results show that, for the years analyzed, at the weather stations (Atillo, Tixán, and Chocaví), the extremely stable (EE) class prevailed in its entirety, with only 2019 at the Tixán and Chocaví stations, as well as 2020 at the latter station, showing a prevalence of neutral (N), moderately stable (ME), and moderately unstable (MI) stability classes, respectively. Atmospheric stability models are essential for predicting the dispersion of atmospheric pollutants and improving public health.
Impact Of Diet And Nutrition On The Health Of Rural And Urban Adolescent Girls With Reference To Their Haemoglobin Level
Adolescent anemia continues to be one of the most prevalent public health issues that continue to pose significant challenges for low and middle-income countries like India. Adolescent girls require increased micronutrients due to their fast growth processes, menstrual cycles, and physiological needs. Despite national initiatives, such as the Anemia Mukt Bharat initiative, the prevalence is still quite high. The latest meta-analysis indicates that the estimated prevalence rate of anemia in adolescent girls in India stands at about 65 percent, while areas such as rural settings may report prevalence above 70 to 80 percent. This literature review will explore the connections between dietary habits, nutrition, and hemoglobin status of adolescents. Furthermore, this research will analyze key determinants of anemia in socio-cultural and economic environments and examine the role of structured interventions (diet modification, nutrition education, and social work and media interventions) in improving the hemoglobin level.
Municipal Solid Waste Management and Recycling Practices in Indian Cities: Implications for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Resource Management
Rapid urbanization in India has intensified challenges related to municipal solid waste (MSW) management, raising concerns over environmental protection and sustainable resource utilization. This study examines city-level variations in MSW generation, recycling practices, and management performance across Indian cities to assess their implications for environmental sustainability. Using a quantitative, descriptive, and comparative approach, the analysis is based on secondary city-level data covering waste generation, recycling rates, disposal methods, and municipal management indicators. The results reveal substantial variation in waste generation across cities, while recycling rates remain relatively consistent, indicating the presence of baseline recycling systems across urban areas. Recycling performance varies across waste types, with plastics exhibiting higher recovery rates compared to construction and bulk waste streams, reflecting material-specific recovery challenges. Indian cities employ a diversified mix of disposal methods, including recycling, composting, landfilling, and incineration, suggesting a gradual shift toward integrated waste management systems. Importantly, higher recycling performance is associated with stronger municipal management indicators, highlighting the role of governance capacity and public engagement in shaping environmental outcomes. The study emphasizes that effective municipal solid waste management is not solely dependent on waste volumes or technological interventions but is strongly influenced by institutional efficiency and awareness-driven practices. Strengthening municipal capacity, improving recycling infrastructure, and adopting material-specific management strategies can significantly enhance environmental protection and support sustainable resource management. The findings provide evidence-based insights for urban planners and policymakers seeking to advance sustainable waste management and circular economy initiatives in Indian cities.
Coupled Engine–Fuel System Optimization for Energy Performance and Emission Control under High-Altitude Operating Conditions
Improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions in spark-ignition engines, especially under high-altitude conditions, requires a comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay between engine architecture and fuel properties. This study critically examines the exhaust emissions and fuel performance of BT and SC vehicles using two gasoline types, EX and EC, selected via a statistically robust sampling method based on the characterization of Ecuador’s spark-ignition vehicle fleet. Experimental evaluations were conducted at 2,500 meters above sea level, utilizing dynamometer tests with the IM 240 driving cycle integrated into the vehicle inspection and maintenance system to quantify emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides. A factorial experimental design and Response Surface Methodology were employed to assess the effects of engine displacement, compression ratio, and fuel composition, modeling both nonlinearities and interactions through second-order polynomials. Results reveal that vehicle specific factors, particularly displacement and compression ratio, are the predominant determinants of fuel consumption and emission profiles. Both the use of oxygenated biofuels such as EC gasoline significantly reduced incomplete combustion byproducts CO and HC, though NOx emissions exhibited a complex response, highlighting a non-linear relationship dependent on both fuel and operational context. In addition, statistical analysis demonstrated significant differences primarily attributable to vehicle type, with fuel type and their interaction also contributing. It was important to emphasize These findings underscore that optimizing both combustion settings and fuel formulation is essential to achieving substantial gains in efficiency and emissions control, particularly in the challenging context of high-altitude operation. Finally, the study provides analytical evidence that targeted strategies—incorporating advanced engine calibration and tailored fuel blends—are critical for meeting stringent environmental standards without compromising energy performance and offers a framework for future research and policy in sustainable mobility.
The Green-Collar Matrix: An Empirical Analysis of the Tripartite Nexus among Environmental Crime, Corruption and Money Laundering in India's Real Estate Sector
This paper introduces the Green-Collar Matrix as a conceptual and empirical tool for understanding the tripartite nexus through which environmental crimes, institutional corruption and money laundering reinforce one another within India’s construction and property markets. Drawing on a mixed-methods design that combines panel data analysis across 121 Indian districts (2010–2023), forensic analysis of six landmark legal proceedings, and content analysis of enforcement records from multiple central agencies, the study tests the proposition that these three phenomena are structurally interdependent rather than merely incidentally co-occurring. Fixed-effects panel regression finds that the inverse of the Corruption Perception Index score, urban forest cover loss and benami transaction incidence are the strongest predictors of a constructed Money Laundering Vulnerability Index, returning standardised coefficients of 0.61, 0.57 and 0.53 respectively, each significant at the 0.1% level. Rather than treating environmental crime as a peripheral externality of development, the results point toward its role as an active mechanism of illicit capital formation. The paper documents both statutory gaps notably the exclusion of forest diversion and wetland conversion from independent PMLA predicate status and operational shortcomings in the use of existing environmental predicate offences, and concludes with a targeted reform matrix addressing the legislative and institutional deficiencies that sustain the nexus.
AI-Enabled Low-Cost Embedded Platform for Cascade Process Automation and Predictive Maintenance
Cascade process control systems are extensively used in chemical plants, power generation, and water treatment, where fault detection stability is important to ensure operation stability and avoid economic and safety hazards. Common fault detection techniques, including threshold-based alarms and statistical process control, are not capable of describing nonlinear dynamics and do not offer much interpretability. This study introduces an AI powered, explainable fault detection system tailored for cascade control systems and optimized for execution on low-cost embedded hardware. The new approach combines engineered cascade-invariant and cascade-dependent features with light machine learning models, supplemented by Shapley value–based explainability to deliver transparent decision-making. Experimental tests run on artificially manipulated datasets show that the approach realizes an accuracy of 93.6% and an F1-score of 0.91, which are 10–25% higher than traditional methods. Outcomes from confusion matrices, ROC and precision–recall curves, feature importance analysis, and SHAP based explanations establish both the explainability and robustness of the method. Comparative analysis emphasizes its better accuracy-interpretability-computational efficiency trade-off. The results confirm that the envisaged framework offers an economically sound and scalable solution for predictive maintenance and fault identification in industrial cascade systems, tackling primary shortcomings of current methods.
Regulating Smart Agriculture in India: A Socio-Technical Framework for IoT and Machine Learning Data through Global Comparison
‘Smart Agriculture’ is broadly termed as a structured transformation in global agricultural practices which includes architectures of Internet of things (IoT), wireless sensor networks and algorithms of machine learning. While this architype offers noticeable gains in efficiency of resources, optimization of yield and climate resilience, at the same time it generates vast quantity of agricultural data which is sensitive whose governance remains inadequately regulated and poorly understood. This paper examines the challenges in multidimensional aspects of data governance and cybersecurity within smart agricultural system which are IoT enabled, with a particular focus on Indian context and comparative reference to evolving regulatory frameworks globally. The paper also investigates a socio-technical analytical lens as to how diverse architectures of IoT, deployments of edge computing and data flow of multi stakeholder collectively produce vulnerabilities which are structural both technical and institutional in nature that the existing instruments of governance have been ill equipped to address. The paper critically assesses India's Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDPA) and thereby understanding and identifying important gaps in their suitability and applicability to agricultural data ecosystems in comparison with the newly enacted General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), AI Act, and Data Governance Act of the European Union. After a synthesis of various literature work and analysis of regulation, the paper proposes an original Socio-Technical Agricultural Data Governance Framework (STADGF) that integrates various aspects of legal, architecture and participation. While balancing innovation with data sovereignty, cybersecurity resilience and farmer rights, the framework proposes policy recommendations for agricultural stakeholders, policy makers and platform developers.
Comparative Evaluation of Ammonium Removal Activity and Microbial Community Structure in Field-Derived Nitrifying Inocula
This study evaluated ammonium removal activity and microbial community structure in three field-derived nitrifying inocula with different origins and cultivation histories. Batch NH3-N removal tests were conducted, and the specific nitrification rate (SNR) was calculated based on mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS). Microbial community composition was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The average NH3-N removal rates of inocula A, B, and C were 19.05, 21.32, and 26.23 mg NH3-N/L/hr, respectively. The corresponding SNR values were 1.99, 2.51, and 2.62 mg NH3-N/g MLVSS/hr. Inoculum A showed the highest OTU richness, Shannon diversity, and combined relative abundance of Nitrosomonas and Nitrospira (3.46%), but exhibited the lowest SNR. In contrast, inoculum C showed the highest NH3-N removal activity despite a low abundance of nitrification related microorganisms (0.60%). These results indicate that 16S rRNA-based relative abundance alone does not directly represent actual ammonium removal activity. Therefore, microbial community analysis should be combined with batch activity tests and SNR assessment when evaluating field-derived nitrifying inocula.
The Governance Black Box Of Climate Finance Verification Firms
Over the past decade, climate-labelled finance has expanded rapidly, increasing reliance on verification firms that assess whether financial instruments qualify as green, sustainable, or taxonomy-aligned. Despite their growing influence, these actors have received limited systematic attention in climate-finance governance research. This article examines the governance of climate-finance verification, focusing on how verification firms exercise authority, respond to commercial incentives, and shape the standards that support credibility in sustainable-finance markets. Using a documentary and forensic approach, the study analyses 78 publicly available documents, including second-party opinions, assurance statements, issuer frameworks, and taxonomy assessments, and explores three cases in sovereign, corporate transition, and multilateral development bank contexts. The findings show that verification involves considerable methodological discretion, relies heavily on issuer-provided information, and lacks consistent accountability. Verifiers focus on procedural compliance rather than measurable climate outcomes, exposing structural weaknesses in climate-finance integrity. In addition to its institutional implications, verification practices also shape the spatial distribution of climate-aligned capital across regions and territories. Differences in verification capacity, regulatory environments, and data availability influence how climate finance is allocated across jurisdictions such as the European Union, multinational corporate markets, and multilateral development bank regions. By affecting where capital flows and which infrastructure projects receive climate-aligned labels, verification becomes a mechanism influencing regional decarbonisation pathways, territorial sustainability transitions, and uneven patterns of climate investment. Verification is therefore understood not as a minor technical step but as a central process through which environmental credibility is constructed, contested, and institutionalized.
Morphohistochemical, Immunohistochemical and Histoenzymatic study of Mandibular Salivary Gland in both sex in Awassi Sheep
Background: Salivary glands play an important role in the lubrication of food and protection of the oral mucosa through the production of saliva. Salivary glands are mainly classified into minor and major salivary glands. The parotid, mandibular, monostomatic and polystomatic sublingual, and zygomatic glands Enzyme histochemistry serves as a link between biochemistry and morphology. Aim: The objective is to gain a deeper understanding of the morphological structure of the mandibular salivary gland and provide additional information about the histoenzymatic and immunohistochemical structures present in this gland. Methods: Fifteen head of healthy animals was used to carried the morphistological and histochemical studies of general structures of the mandibular gland (MSG) and the immunohistochemical and histoenzymatic study was carried to demonstrated the macrophage localization and Alkaline phosphatase deposition respectively. The H& E stain with PAS, Alcian blue and Masson’s Trichrom stain was explained the (MSG) in sheep was consisted of thick capsule of connective tissue and septa that divide the gland into lobes and lobules, mainly consisted of collagen fibers. Results: The secretory unit composed of predominant mucus acini with diameter (55.62±11.74381μm ( and serous acini with diameter (33.95±12.3323μm). the systemic ducts were consisted from intercalated duct, striated duct, interlobular duct and interlobar duct with diameters (63.96±13.6029 μm, 183.34±19.8125 μm, 181.28±40.9417 μm and710.7000±289.9592 μm) respectively. of the PAS stain have positive reaction in the epithelium of duct and connective tissue, AB stain was gave obvious staining in the interlobar duct. CD 68PG M1 antibody was used and give positive reaction with weak intensity for macrophage. The Alkaline phosphatase gave moderate positive blue to green color around the acini and in the intercalated and striated duct. Conclusion: The morphological and histochemical structures of the mandibular gland of sheep was consisted of thicker collagenous connective tissue capsules, delicate septa divided it into prominent lobes and lobules, With large mucous acini and small serous acini, and the its ducts have diameter gradually increased, at the beginning the small diameter of intercalated duct and ended with the large interlobar duct.
Environmental study using bioremediation to evaluation of gene expression of algae living in wastewater
Various water bodies in many countries, especially developing ones, suffer from the continuous discharge of sewage, which affects water quality and quantity. Therefore, the role of bioremediation using environmentally friendly organisms has become prominent. These organisms play a role in treating and removing pollutants, such as algae, which are known for their ability to remove numerous pollutants, including heavy metals (HMs). However, there are few studies worldwide that address the gene expression of algae. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of two algae species: L. platensis (cyanobacteria) and Spirogyra sp. (green algae) in removing heavy metals from wastewater. The results showed that the lowest mercury levels were recorded before and after biological treatment, while the highest iron levels were recorded in L. platensis. Similarly, the lowest mercury levels before and after treatment were recorded in Spirogyra sp., along with the highest iron levels. This study also revealed that the expression of the abc transporter gene in L. platensis was more efficient at removing heavy metals compared to the sod gene in Spirogyra sp.
Measuring the Impact of Policies and Some Environmental Constraints on the Agricultural Sector in Iraq for the Period (1990-2024): (Wheat Crop as a Case Study)
This study aims to measure the impact of policies and some environmental constraints on wheat production in Iraq during the period (1990-2024) The study focuses on the role of Agricultural policies, including environmental policies, in addressing the environmental and climatic challenges that hinder the growth of the Agricultural sector, particularly wheat production in Iraq. The study relies on annual data issued by the Ministries of Agriculture, Planning, Trade, and Water Resources, as well as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The FAO Analyzed the data using Eviews 12 software and the Fully Modified Least Squares (FMOLS) methodology. The results showed an explanatory power with a coefficient of determination ( =0.886). They revealed a negative impact of certain environmental constraints. Specifically, a 1.5°C increase in temperature and a 30% decrease in rainfall during the period 1990-2024 exacerbated desertification’s, environmental degradation, and a decline in cultivated areas and productivity Regarding pricing policy, a direct relationship was found between domestic prices and agricultural production; a one-unit increase in price led to a 1.68-unit increase in production. The use of modern technologies contributed to the growth of the agricultural sector and the achievement of sustainable development. The study recommends adopting policies aimed at addressing environmental pollution and utilizing modern technologies to enhance food security.
Interactive videogame versus core stability exercises on postural control in female patients with overweight
Background: Obesity is a chronic, neurobehavioral disease influenced by genes and environmental factors affecting brain development. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the effects between videogame exercises and core stability exercises on postural control dysfunction in female patients with overweight. Methods: Forty patients (women) aged 40-60 years with body mass index over 25 were randomly assigned into the following two groups. Group (A) received the Wii fit balanced exercises for three times per week for four weeks as total treatment duration in form of (Ski Slalom, Advanced Skiing, Ski Jumping followed by Header and Jump Rope).; Group (B) received core stability exercises for 4 weeks (3times/week) in form of 1. Supine bridge (3 sets x 10 repetitions x 10 second holds), 2. Curl up (3 sets x 10 repetitions), 3. Supine unilateral bridge (3 sets x 10 repetitions for each leg x 10 second holds), 4. Abdominal crunching (10 repetitions x 10 second holds), 5. Plank (3 sets x 10 repetitions) and 6. Bird dog (3 sets x 10 repetitions for each limb). Results: The between-group analysis showed significant improvement in group A after treatment (p<0.05). Discussion: Videogame exercises are effective more than core stability exercises in the treatment of postural control dysfunction in female patients with overweight.
Prime Cordial Labeling of Contact Networks: An Environmental Application to Epidemic Spread in Aquatic Populations
A prime cordial labeling of a graph G is a bijection f:V(G)→{1,2,…,|V(G)|} such that each edge uv∈E(G) is assigned label 1 if gcd(f(u),f(v))=1 and 0 if gcd(f(u),f(v))>1; further the number of edges labeled 0 and 1 differ by at most 1. If a graph admits prime cordial labeling, then it is called a prime cordial graph. We prove that the Durer graph, Heawood graph, Frucht graph, Tietze graph, hypohamiltonian graph, cubic graph with 12 vertices, and crown graph are prime cordial graphs. Also we prove that the Herschel graph, Wagner graph, Moser spindle graph, and truncated tetrahedron graph are not prime cordial graphs.
Digital governance and public ethics: challenges for the welfare state in the age of artificial intelligence
In this article, we investigate digital governance and the public ethics of artificial intelligence in the public sector to explore the challenges to the welfare state in the face of the algorithmic automation of administrative decisions. A qualitative study was conducted for this review, employing a critical and conceptual-normative analysis of indexed scientific literature and international regulatory frameworks published between 2022 and 2026, with a particular focus on European, multilateral, and Latin American experiences. The results demonstrated that the introduction of algorithmic systems in public management has generated a structural tension between administrative efficiency and fundamental rights, expressed in risks such as algorithmic opacity, computerized discrimination, and administrative depersonalization. Significant gaps were also found within the Latin American welfare state, linked to technological dependence, institutional deficits, technical weakness, a lack of technical capacity, and the emerging algorithmic privatization of public functions. Based on a critical literature review and comparative study, an ethical-institutional model of digital governance for the welfare state was developed in the form of a specific normative, institutional, technological, and citizen-based model of digital governance for the welfare state, articulated by a cross-cutting axis of public ethics and the guarantee of rights. This model showed that the ethical governance of artificial intelligence required ethics to be systemic and integrated in order to synchronize technological innovation with a response that includes the public and democratic values ​​of accountability and legitimacy. The research found that public ethics did not present a barrier to state modernization, but rather was essential for the responsible, fair, and coherent deployment of AI in international contexts, such as in countries of the Global South.
Anatomical models with augmented reality: a systematic review of their importance in the teaching of natural sciences in the context of the teacher's home
Anatomical models, both physical and virtual, are didactic tools used in natural science education with the aim of improving learning and skills development. These models allow students to visualize and manipulate anatomical structures, which can facilitate the understanding and learning of concepts. Despite their potential benefits, the implementation of anatomical models with augmented reality (ar) can present challenges in teaching. Therefore, this systematic review aims to explore existing literature on the effectiveness of anatomical models with ar in teaching, as well as to analyze the limitations and challenges associated with their implementation. By understanding the importance and benefits of anatomical models with ar in education, it is hoped that this review will systematize current knowledge and encourage their use to improve the teaching of natural sciences.
Exploring the influence of neuroscience on literacy: A systematic review
The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how neuroscience can be used as a cognitive stimulant to counteract the lack of interest in reading and writing processes in childhood. It highlights the importance of primary education in the cognitive development of children, as well as the relevance of neuroscience in understanding the brain processes associated with reading and writing. It also mentions that learning to read is fundamental in human development and that it begins at an early age, being transcendent in the development of vocabulary and phonology. This research was supported by a systematic review, which included previous studies and research on reading and writing and neuroscience as categories of analysis. It is emphasized that reading and writing not only enrich academic knowledge, but also strengthen critical and creative thinking skills, as well as the development of motor and linguistic skills; therefore, it implies an interactive process of cognitive complexity.
Recognition of otherness from an intercultural perspective: a strategic perspective from university educational environments
Contemporary high education faces the urgent challenge to articulate quality, relevance, equity and the recognition of diversity within increasingly multicultural scenarios. This article derived from the thesis: "Intercultural Education from the curricular strengthening from high education", was developed from an empirical approach at Universidad de la Costa, in Barranquilla Colombia. It comes from the recognition of cultural diversity as a structuring value in educational environments. Its main purpose is to characterize the concept of the intercultural education, assumed by the socio-educational actors at this institution for the recognition of otherness, from a pluralistic and dialogical perspective. This research is developed from a recursive and intersubjective reality to interpret the language of isomorphism with an introspective and experiential approach within a socio-critical paradigm, applying the socio-praxis method supported by the tradition of action research (AR), micro ethnographies were used along with interviews structured for key subjects and a comparison with theoretical frameworks. As a result, the socio-educational actors identify the need to recognize the otherness as foundation of social justice in educational contexts, which drives the construction of global citizenship and epistemic justice.
Teaching intervention route to boost socio-emotional skills and academic performance
This article presents the findings of a research study aimed at characterizing the socio-emotional skills of primary school students and their relationship with academic performance, taking into account that academic performance is influenced by the physical environment of the learning process. The study was conducted at the Madres Católicas District Educational Institution in Barranquilla, Colombia, under a rationalist epistemological approach, a critical paradigm, and a deductive–inductive method. A mixed-methods design was used, structured in three phases: theoretical, empirical, and propositional. This manuscript focuses on the empirical phase, in which a Likert-scale questionnaire was applied to homeroom teachers. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, including the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure and Bartlett's test of sphericity, in order to validate the instrument's structure across five dimensions: cognitive, attitudinal, skills-based, learning achievement, and learning assurance. The results show a significant relationship between the development of socio-emotional competencies—such as self-regulation, empathy, and communication—and improved academic performance. These findings support the systematic integration of emotional education into pedagogical practice as a key strategy to enhance learning outcomes and promote holistic student development.
Intercultural Education: Reflections to rethink educational scenarios from a global citizenship.
Interculturality is a key concept in the current context, where globalization has made societies increasingly diverse and heterogeneous in cultural terms. Likewise, interculturality in education has become an obligatory discourse, especially in contexts where political-social conflicts are related, directly or indirectly, to the presence in the same social space of groups with diverse cultural identities. The specific purpose of this study is to reflect on the impact of the implementation of intercultural strategies in educational environments that allow rethinking learning environments from a global citizenship perspective. The methodology considers a review of scientific literature on dissemination and regulations, both at international and national level, for the construction and discussion from a critical perspective, of a framework of analysis on the notion of cultural diversity, interculturality, intercultural education and education for global citizenship, from which, it is concluded, that this is assumed positively in the cultural conservation of a nation generating improvements in the quality of educational environments in terms of communication, coexistence and interaction, however, it has been found that there are challenges when carrying out the process of interaction with students who come from diverse cultures and ethnicities, since there is persistence in the presence of prejudices towards families of minority populations, the lack of knowledge of teachers about local knowledge and the lack of skills to develop an education in an intercultural perspective.
Leech Therapy (Jalaukavacharana): An Ancient Ayurvedic Practice and Its Modern Scientific Perspectives
Background: Leech therapy, known as Jalaukavacharana in Ayurveda, is one of the oldest para-surgical procedures documented in classical Ayurvedic texts, particularly the Sushruta Samhita. This form of Raktamokshana (bloodletting) employs the medicinal leech Hirudomedicinalis and related species to treat a wide spectrum of disorders linked to vitiated blood (Raktadushti) and Pitta-Rakta imbalances. Objective: This review aims to consolidate classical Ayurvedic knowledge of leech therapy with contemporary biomedical evidence, highlighting the pharmacological properties of leech saliva, mechanisms of therapeutic action, clinical indications, contraindications, and procedural protocols. Methods: A systematic search of classical Ayurvedic texts (Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridayam, Ashtanga Sangraha, Charaka Samhita) and modern databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and AYUSH research portals was conducted. Articles published between 1985 and 2025 were included. Results: The saliva of medicinal leeches contains over 100 bioactive compounds including hirudin, hyaluronidase, destabilase, calin, orgelase, decorsin, and histamine-like substances. These compounds collectively exert anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, thrombolytic, and vasodilatory effects. Clinical evidence supports its efficacy in venous congestion, osteoarthritis, skin disorders (Kushtha), haematoma, vascular diseases, microsurgery, and multiple Pitta-Rakta disorders described in Ayurveda. Conclusion: Leech therapy represents a significant convergence of traditional Ayurvedic wisdom and modern biomedical science. Its safety, efficacy, and minimal invasiveness make it a viable integrative treatment modality. Standardisation of protocols, larger clinical trials, and pharmacological research are warranted.
Risk Analysis of Mercury Content in Seawater, Sediment, and Fish in the Sinabar Mining Coastal Area, Huamual District, West Seram Regency
Background: There is increasing recognition that cinnabar (HgS) mining, particularly in coastal settings, constitutes a major source of environmental mercury (Hg) pollution. Objectives: This research was conducted to examine mercury (Hg) concentrations in seawater, sediment, and fish in the coastal area of the cinnabar mine in Huamual District, West Seram Regency, and the associated health risks to coastal populations. Methodology: The present work is an observational, analytical investigation using a spatial approach with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map the distribution of mercury concentrations as a function of distance from the mine site. Results: The results showed that mercury concentrations in all saltwater samples exceeded the quality limit of 0.001 mg/L, ranging from 0.0023 to 0.0663 mg/L. The mercury concentrations in the sediments were well above the threshold limit of 0.15 µg/L, ranging from 14.3173 to 1951.7 µg/L. Mercury levels in fish ranged from 0.2129 to 1.3227 mg/kg, and 70% of samples were above the allowable limit for seafood intake (0.5 mg/kg). The spatial study shows a diminishing dispersion pattern with increasing distance from the mine, and the highest concentration is observed within a radius of 0 - 3 km. The health risk study (Risk Quotient) of mercury exposure from fish intake showed an RQ > 1, indicating a considerable potential health risk with chronic exposure to methylmercury, specifically harm to the nervous system, kidneys, and cardiovascular function. Conclusion: The results highlight the necessity for comprehensive pollution control programs and coastal environmental management strategies to preserve public health and marine ecosystems in the Huamual cinnabar mining area.
Fish-Based Rice Agroforestry Systems in India: Opportunities, Ecosystem Services, Climate Resilience, Livelihood Enhancement, and Future Research Directions
Integrated rice–fish systems are among the oldest forms of multi-trophic agriculture in Asia, yet their extension into explicitly agroforestry-oriented configurations—in which trees and woody perennials are deliberately combined with rice and aquaculture—remains poorly consolidated, particularly for India. This review synthesises evidence on fish-based rice agroforestry systems (FRAS) in India, drawing comparative insights from South and Southeast Asia, to assess their productivity, ecosystem services, climate resilience, livelihood outcomes, and research frontiers. Two findings frame the synthesis. First, rice–fish integration is well documented globally, but India contributes only a small share of the peer-reviewed literature, and the tree or agroforestry component specifically is thinly studied and agronomically contested, because woody perennials can compete with rice for light, water, and nutrients. Second, India's traditional systems—Apatani (Arunachal Pradesh), Zabo (Nagaland), Pokkali and the below-sea-level Kuttanad system (Kerala), and the bheri systems of the Sundarbans (West Bengal)—demonstrate long-standing integration of rice, fish, water, and, in several cases, trees and livestock, and are associated with substantial income gains relative to rice monoculture. Documented benefits include improved soil organic carbon, nutrient recycling, dietary diversification through small indigenous fish species, and enhanced flood and drought buffering, although methane dynamics involve clear trade-offs. Major constraints are land fragmentation, high initial investment in dykes and fish refuges, weak market and tenure institutions, and a shortage of long-term experimental data. We argue that the strongest near-term contribution of this field lies in treating agroforestry integration as an explicit research and policy frontier, aligned with India's National Agroforestry Policy (2014) and emerging blue-economy initiatives. We propose a future research agenda emphasising long-term factorial trials, standardised ecosystem-service accounting, and gender-disaggregated livelihood assessment.
The impact of digital transformation on green behavior of university students in Vietnam
Digital transformation is reshaping higher education through learning-management systems, digital course materials, electronic submission, online administration and data-enabled communication. This teaching case examines how digital transformation exposure is associated with the green behavior of university students in Vietnam. It integrates a decade-long contextual assessment for 2014-2024 with a student-level ordinary least squares (OLS) analysis based on a classroom dataset of 684 observations. Four composite constructs are examined: digital transformation exposure (DTE), environmental awareness (EA), green institutional support (GIS) and the green behavior index (GBI). All scales demonstrate satisfactory internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha values ranging from 0.861 to 0.933. In the fully specified model, DTE (b = 0.233, p < 0.001), EA (b = 0.230, p < 0.001) and GIS (b = 0.203, p < 0.001) are positively associated with GBI. The positive interaction between DTE and GIS (b = 0.093, p < 0.001) indicates that institutional support strengthens the relationship between digital exposure and green behavior. The model explains 38.9% of the variation in GBI. Robustness checks confirm that the principal findings remain stable under alternative specifications. The case demonstrates how digital-campus governance can be linked analytically to resource-saving behavior and student participation in sustainability activities.
Life Cycle Assessment of Geopolymer concrete with various precursors
The production of cement used in conventional concrete is contributing to approximately 8% of the global carbondioxide emmisions .There is a neccisity to address this issue and develop sustainable construction materials.This study evaluates the impact caused by the production of materials used in conventional concrete of M40 grade and also the impact caused by the geopolymer concrete (GPC) of M40 grade.The geopolymer concrete used in this study is made using fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and metakaolin as as primary binder materials. The aim is to evaluate the feasibility of GPC as a low-carbon alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete by comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).The LCA is carried out as per the ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 guidelines by using SimaPro software .Simapro software uses the Ecoinvent database to evaluate the impact caused by various process on the environment.To find the impact of the materials used in the study the functional unit of 1 m³ of concrete is used , and the assessment is carried out from cradle-to-gate . The impact of the materials is assessed on the key categories, which includeglobal warming potential (GWP),ozone depletion , acidification, eutrophication, and human toxicity, by using the ReCiPe Midpoint (H) method.The results show that geopolymer concrete production reduced the impact on the environment compared to OPC concrete. The impact of GWP is reduced by 41-45 percent , demonstrating the effectiveness of GPC in lowering carbon emissions. These findings highlight the potential o geopolymer concrete as a sustainable construction material and support its adoption in eco-friendly infrastructure development.
Deep Neural Network Approach for Real-Time Abnormal Activity and Crime Detection in Surveillance Videos through Video Summarization
The exponential growth of surveillance video data in modern smart city infrastructure has rendered manual video monitoring impractical and error-prone. Video summarization is the task of condensing lengthy surveillance footage into compact, informative representations has emerged as a critical solution. This paper presents a novel video summarization framework driven by the concept of abnormal activity detection, wherein only frames containing behaviorally anomalous events are retained in the final summary. The proposed system integrates a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) feature extractor, a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) sequence model, and an attention-guided scoring mechanism to identify temporal segments of interest. An unsupervised Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) is employed to model normal activity patterns, enabling detection of statistical deviations that signal abnormal behavior. The framework is evaluated on the UCSD Anomaly Detection, UCF-Crime, and ShanghaiTech Campus datasets, achieving a frame-level detection AUC of 92.4% and a summarization compression ratio of 87.3% while retaining 96.1% of ground-truth abnormal events. Comparative experiments demonstrate significant improvements over baseline key-frame and unsupervised summarization methods. The results confirm that abnormality-centric summarization produces semantically richer and forensically more actionable video summaries than purely aesthetic or redundancy-driven approaches.
Assessment of infection control in medical surgical units in light of the presence of technology in healthcare facilities
The use of information technology in clinical settings has brought with it the issue of infection-control that has not been adequately defined, particularly in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, where the pace of digital growth has exceeded the accompanying assessment of related microbiological risks. A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted to determine adherence to infection -control measures and technological device contamination in the four Ministry of Health hospitals in Saudi Arabia, including 240 health-care workers and 480 environmental swabs at the medical-surgical ward. Structured observation was used, in which WHO hand-hygiene audit instruments were used as well as microbiological screening of the devices, and statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA, multivariate logistic regression, and correlation analysis. Hand-hygiene performance (55.5± 13.9%) and device-cleaning compliance (30.5± 16.0%) were found to be statistically lower among physicians compared to nurses and respiratory therapists (p=0.001). Mobile telephones displayed the highest contamination (85%), followed by an average bacterial count of 56.8± 26.2 CFU. The contamination of the devices that had not been washed for 2 h increased 2.9 times (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed the device type, spatial location, and frequency of cleaning as independent predictors of contamination (AUC = 0.892). These findings suggest that the rate of technology adoption has exceeded the development of infection-control policies in hospitals in Saudi Arabia, which in turn identifies the key areas of intervention, including physician education, obligatory disinfection of devices, and provision of point-of-care disinfectants.
Literature as a Pedagogical Tool for Empathy Development: A Survey-Based Study of Adolescent Well-Being in Indian Schools
Rising academic pressure, family expectations, future uncertainty and teacher-student relational gaps present compounding socio-emotional challenges for Indian adolescents. Despite the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020’s emphasis on holistic development, structured socio-emotional learning (SEL) frameworks remain largely absent from mainstream school practice. This study investigates adolescent emotional well-being among school students in Rajasthan and Delhi and examines the potential of literary engagement as a deliberate pedagogical instrument for empathy development and SEL. A descriptive survey research design was employed. A structured questionnaire comprising ten close-ended items and one open-ended item was administered to 137 school students from Grades VI–XII in Rajasthan and Delhi through school teachers and principals, via Google Forms. Quantitative data were analysed using frequency-based descriptive statistics; qualitative open-ended responses (Q11) were subjected to Braun and Clarke’s (2006) thematic analysis framework. Academic pressure (22.1%), family expectations (21.2%), and future uncertainty (18.6%) emerged as the dominant stressors. A substantial 72.3% of respondents reported hiding their feelings either sometimes (42.9%) or very often (29.4%). Teacher-student relational distance was pronounced: only 21.4% felt very comfortable sharing concerns with teachers, while merely 3.2% sought teacher support during difficulties. Paradoxically, while 72.2% of respondents reported moderate-to-high self-confidence and 59.5% expressed general life satisfaction, emotional concealment and institutional trust deficits persisted. Reading was identified as a coping strategy by only 9.5% of respondents, the lowest of all options, despite its established socio-emotional benefits. Thematic analysis yielded six emergent themes: empathetic failure, academic overload, comparison and self-worth, communicative safety, student agency, and systemic reform. The study proposes a five-strand framework of Pedagogical Translation, wherein literary engagement, encompassing Indian folk narratives, reflective fiction reading, guided storytelling, Socratic discussion, and bibliotherapy functions as a culturally grounded bridge between abstract emotional concepts and lived empathetic experience. Integrating this framework with the holistic vision of NEP 2020 offers a scalable, evidence-supported strategy for nurturing emotionally responsive classroom communities.
Digital Green Banking Adoption and Sustainable Consumer Behaviour: A Systematic Review
Digital green banking has emerged as an important pathway through which financial institutions can integrate digital transformation with environmental sustainability and influence consumer behaviour. This systematic literature review synthesizes evidence on digital green banking adoption and sustainable consumer behaviour. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, relevant studies published between 2016 and 2026 were identified through scholarly databases, publisher platforms, and manual screening. From 270 initially identified records, 25 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the final synthesis. The review shows that digital green banking adoption is shaped by customer trust, awareness, perceived environmental value, satisfaction, green image, behavioural willingness, and environmental consciousness. Digital banking channels and green FinTech platforms enhance the accessibility and visibility of sustainability-oriented financial services, while green financial products connect consumer financial decisions with broader sustainable consumption practices. The findings also indicate that customers are more likely to adopt digital green banking services when green claims are credible, services are convenient, and environmental benefits are clearly communicated. However, the literature remains fragmented, with limited evidence on actual usage behaviour, longitudinal adoption patterns, and measurable environmental outcomes. This review highlights the need for integrated theoretical models and stronger empirical evidence to understand how digital green banking can promote sustained consumer engagement and responsible financial behaviour.