International Journal of Aquatic Research and Environmental Studies
OPTIMIZATION OF NUTRITIONAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS FOR ENHANCED BIOSURFACTANT PRODUCTION BY BACILLUS SUBTILIS ISOLATES
Biosurfactants are surface-active microbial metabolites with considerable potential as environmentally compatible alternatives to synthetic surfactants (Desai and Banat, 1997). The present study investigated the optimization of nutritional and physicochemical parameters that influence biosurfactant production in two indigenousBacillus subtilisisolates, BS4 and BS9. The isolates were selected based on positive responses in preliminary biosurfactant screening assays and were identified by morphological, biochemical, and 16S rDNA-based characterization. Both isolates were found to produce the highest biosurfactant levels in mineral salt medium (MSM), which was therefore selected as the production medium. Optimization was performed by evaluating different hydrocarbon sources, hydrocarbon concentrations, nitrogen sources, and nitrogen concentrations, followed by optimization of pH and temperature. Among nine hydrocarbon sources tested at 1%, Castrol supported the highest biosurfactant production by BS4 (6.0 g/L), whereas BS9 produced 4.6 g/L with Castrol. Increasing the concentration of selected hydrocarbon sources demonstrated that 2% Castrol supported maximum production by BS4 (10.9 g/L), while BS9 produced 6.9 g/L under the same conditions. Sodium nitrate was identified as the preferred nitrogen source for both isolates. The maximum values obtained during nitrogen-source concentration optimization were 14.2 g/L for BS4 and 10.5 g/L for BS9 at 1.5% sodium nitrate. Optimization of physicochemical conditions showed that BS4 produced 15.7-15.9 g/L at pH 6-7, while BS9 showed maximum production of 13.4 g/L at pH 7. Both isolates exhibited maximum production at 45°C, with yields of 17.3 g/L for BS4 and 18.9 g/L for BS9. Optimized conditions resulted substantial enhancement of biosurfactant production, demonstrating the importance of nutritional and physicochemical parameters in improving biosurfactant productivity by B. subtilisisolates (Abdel-Mawgoud et al., 2008; Mukherjee et al., 2006).
Effect of Medication Administration Training on Midwives' Practices
Background: Providing an optimal high quality of care to the women and their fetus, requires ensuring safety and harmless practice with upholding ethical standards. Aim: It was conducted to determine the effect of medication administration training on midwives' practice. Design: A pre/post-quasi-experimental research design was used in this study. Sample: A convenient sample of 92 midwives was utilized. Setting: postpartum unit at Maternity and Children Hospital in Tabuk Saudi Arabia. Tools: two tools were used; 1) Midwives’ general characteristics, and 2) Midwives' Medication Administration Observational Checklist. Results: Dramatic enhancement in the total mean score of midwives’ practices concerning medication administration from 14.1% (pre-training) to 93.5% (post-training) with highly statistically significant differences. Conclusion: Providing medication administration training was highly effective in enhancing the midwifery practice. Recommendation: Applying a comprehensive training to improve the midwifes’ practices during medication administration
The Effectiveness of Nursing Training Program in Reducing Burnout among Nurses Caring for Geriatric Cancer Patients
Background: Nurse burnout occurs often and is a serious issue when it comes to geriatric oncology. Both nursing burnout and patient care may be compromised due to negative implications. Aim: The aim of this research was to evaluate the impact of a nursing training program in reducing burnout in nurses working in geriatric oncology units. Method: The design was based on a quasi study (pre-post interventional) that involved 110 geriatric oncology nurses in King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Tabuk. They were then tested by the demographic based line assessment, Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) this instrument evaluates three burnout dimensions; Emotional Exhaustion (EE) that evaluates emotional depletion as a result from excessive workload, Depersonalization (DP) which evaluates the indifferent and impersonal attitude towards patients, and Personal Achievement (PA), measures sense of competence and success in dealing with people. Result: The findings demonstrated that there were significant changes in emotional exhaustion, personal accomplishment and depersonalization, the nursing training was effective in decreasing burnout among geriatric oncology nurses. Conclusion: The developed training program was effective in reducing burnout in geriatric oncology nurses. This demonstrates the necessity of the specific intervention to help nurses to maintain their psychological health and improve the quality of patient care.
Bioprespecting Algal Biomolecules: Extraction of Polypeptides and Polysaccharides for Cosmeceutical and Therapeutic Applications
The present work reports the extraction of protein-polysaccharide extracts from brown algae (A.nodosum and S.latissima) for potential food industry applications. A sequential extraction method was employed to maximize yields by incorporating ultra sound, pH adjustment, and enzymatic treatment. It is fundamentally about sidestepping the feeling of starting. Traditional extraction techniques have been replaced more often than not by sustainable techniques such as enzyme-based extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction, all of which ensure efficient extraction, maintain bioactivity, and minimize the environmental burden. This literature review presents the bio prospecting prospects of algal bio molecules, classification of algae and their bioactive compounds, sources and structural features of algal polypeptides and polysaccharides, biomass pre-treatment, and new extraction techniques. In addition, the increasing use of algal bio molecules in cosmetics and drugs is also considered in this review in the light of the challenges being faced due to large-scale production and commercialization of algal molecules.
Guidelines for the Development of Surfboarding Activities in Phang Nga from the Perspectives of Stakeholders Involved in Surfboarding Activity Management in Phang Nga
This qualitative study explored experiential marketing, tourist satisfaction, and revisit intention among Thai surfboard tourists in Phang Nga Province, and identified development guidelines from stakeholders' perspectives. Twenty purposively selected stakeholders involved in surfboard activity management participated in in-depth interviews, with data analyzed through content analysis. Results show that sustainable surfboard tourism development hinges on integrating five experiential marketing dimensions connection with nature and society, emotional and cognitive engagement, memory creation and sharing, learning and social interaction, and relaxation intertwined with Phang Nga's local identity alongside tourist satisfaction shaped by activity quality, well-equipped facilities, and clean, safe environments. Together, these elements foster revisit intention, reflected in word-of-mouth recommendations and repeat visits. Realizing this vision demands collaboration among private operators, government agencies, educational institutions, and local communities to deliver economic gains, social value, and environmental sustainability ultimately positioning Phang Nga as Thailand's premier surfboard tourism destination.
GWSDAT-Based Spatiotemporal Analysis of MTBE and BTEX Plumes in Jordanian Aquifers
This study aims to characterize the occurrence and spatial-temporal behavior of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and the gasoline-related aromatic hydrocarbons benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in groundwater of the Amman-Zarqa Basin, Jordan. Groundwater from 66 wells representing shallow and deeper aquifer settings was sampled and analyzed for MTBE and BTEX using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, with USEPA Method 524.2 and DIN 38407-F9 used as the principal analytical references. Major-ion chemistry and field parameters were evaluated to define the hydrochemical framework, while the Groundwater Spatiotemporal Data Analysis Tool (GWSDAT) was applied to visualize concentration patterns and assess temporal tendencies with Mann-Kendall trend statistics. Detectable MTBE/BTEX concentrations were reported in 32 wells and were generally low (approximately 1.0-1.8 µg/L). Detections were concentrated in shallow groundwater in the Seil Zarqa-Awjan/Russeifa-Zarqa corridor, where fuel stations, petroleum handling infrastructure, and a shallow permeable aquifer increase vulnerability to releases. Groundwater chemistry was dominated by Ca-Mg-Cl and Na-Cl facies, with substantial variability in salinity and redox conditions. GWSDAT outputs delineated coherent areas of elevated modeled concentration and supported comparison of temporal behavior among monitoring locations. Because the analytical reporting limit was approximately 1 µg/L, model smoothed concentrations below this limit are interpreted only as screening-level predictions and not as confirmed detections or definitive plume boundaries. The results support risk-based monitoring of shallow urban groundwater, improved integrity management of underground storage tanks, and continued long-term sampling to distinguish persistent contamination from short-term variability. Article impact statement: Low-level MTBE and BTEX detections are concentrated in vulnerable shallow groundwater; GWSDAT provides a useful screening framework when model predictions are interpreted in relation to the analytical reporting limit.
Measurement of some Immunological parameters, Hematologic outcomes and Physiological features for Graves' disease in Babylon City, Iraq
Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease that infected some people and is described as a disorder in the thyroid gland that leads to a hyperactive thyroid gland leading to the overproduction of thyroid hormones resulting from an attached immune system for the thyroid gland. The aims of this study were to Measurement of some immunological parameters (IL-2 & IgG), hematologic outcomes (routine CBC tests), and physiological features of Graves' disease in Babylon City, Iraq. Study subjects (GD and Control Groups) & Demographic data: Study conducted from January 2022 to March 2022, samples for immunologic (IL-2, IgG & hematologic tests (routine CBC) were blood samples taken from both (n=94) Hospital-admitted patients with Graves' disease symptoms from Imam Al-Sadiq Teaching Hospital\ Thyroid gland diseases Center- First Floor and compare them with (60) represent healthy control, in both sexes, of different age groups ranging from (>38-<52 years)., in Babylon city. The researchers follow the Ethics committee of health & academic directorates. Data analysis using SPSS system to determine significant differences between data, p-value less than (<0.05) ANOVA. All values are expressed as the mean standard deviation (SD) for sex, age groups, and test results in both GD & control groups.
Evaluation of Rural Road Pavement Performance After Monsoon: A case Study of Surat District
Road transport particular provides door to door service, thus ensures accessibility to nooks and corners of the country. It has been realized that the absence of all weather road connectivity is a major impediment in the development of rural areas. The Government of India, having realized that providing rural accessibility serves as a means for poverty alleviation, launched Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY). Pavement evaluation is implying the assessment of residual or available structural strength of the pavement. To determine the current condition of pavements and their historical trends so as to use that information in formulating management plan of action. we select some roads of Surat district as a study area. We collect the data and samples from field like traffic data, soil data, structural data of pavement and DCP-CBR relationship to know the performance of the roads which are constructed under the PMGSY scheme and based on the results the roads are classified in different categories as the Good, Average or Fair and Poor condition. The study recommended for categorized roads that need improvements.
Climate Justice and the Future of Global Governance
As the climate crisis intensifies, addressing the ethical and political dimensions of climate justice is as critical as considering the scientific and economic aspects of global warming. The unequal distribution of climate impacts, with countries that contribute minimally to emissions bearing the most severe consequences, underscores the urgent need for equitable and accountable global governance. This paper examines the integration of justice oriented principles into global climate governance, focusing on equitable responsibility-sharing, inclusive participation in decision-making, particularly for the most vulnerable countries, improved access to climate friendly technologies, and the development of transparent accountability mechanisms. The methodology guiding this analysis is primarily conceptual and comparative, supported by targeted empirical illustrations. Key international frameworks (such as the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement), major institutional reforms, and case studies from the Global South were selected through a purposive review of recent academic literature and primary policy documents, with particular attention to works published after 2019. Evidence is drawn from authoritative sources, including Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports, United Nations documents, and leading peer-reviewed research. Examples and cases were chosen to illustrate persistent structural inequalities and innovative responses by emerging actors. This methodological approach is intended to ensure both academic rigour and policy relevance. Beyond conceptual analysis, the discussion previews concrete policy actions: reforms to climate finance, including vulnerability-based and concessional funding models; legal mechanisms to strengthen the representation of developing countries within global institutions; frameworks to promote fair technology transfer; and measures to ensure transparency and monitor climate-related commitments. The analysis also considers the growing influence of the Global South, indigenous experts, and climate-affected nations, who advocate for equitable, inclusive, and development-aligned climate solutions. This analysis is guided by the following research questions: (1) In what ways can principles of climate justice be systematically integrated into global governance frameworks to ensure fair outcomes for all nations? (2) What structural barriers and power asymmetries impede the realisation of justice in international climate negotiations and implementation? (3) How are emerging actors, particularly from the Global South and indigenous communities, influencing the direction and substance of global climate governance? Addressing these questions aims to identify pathways for advancing a justice-centred approach to global climate governance. The central argument of this paper is that achieving effective global climate governance requires the systematic integration of climate justice principles as foundational elements, rather than as ancillary or aspirational goals. Only by embedding equity, accountability, and inclusive participation at every level of governance can the international community overcome entrenched inequalities and deliver fair, legitimate, and sustainable outcomes for all nations and communities.
Role of Soil Fungi in Sustainable Brown Biofarming: Enhancing Drought Tolerance, Soil Health and Crop Productivity
Brown Biofarming is a concept that deals with sustainable agricultural practices in arid and semi-arid regions where water scarcity, soil degradation, and climate variability have been continuously reducing crop productivity. Soil fungi are one of the most significant components of the soil microbiome and they contribute in many ways to nutrient cycling, soil aggregation, plant growth promotion, and mitigation of various abiotic stresses. This review summarizes the present knowledge about the role of beneficial soil fungi in improving drought tolerance, maintaining soil health, and enhancing crop productivity under water-limited field conditions. Particular attention is given to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Trichoderma spp., endophytic fungi, and other plant growth-promoting fungal communities. The mechanisms through which fungi improve water uptake, nutrient acquisition, antioxidant defense systems, and soil physical structure have been discussed in detail. Recent advances in the development of fungal biofertilizers and their potential role in building climate-resilient agricultural systems have also been highlighted. Finally, existing research gaps and future perspectives for integrating fungal biotechnology into sustainable Brown Biofarming systems have been presented, keeping in view the practical challenges of field-level application.
Assessment of Soil Quality Using Rhizosphere Fungal Communities Across Tribal Agroecosystems of North-Western Maharashtra, India
Soil quality is a key determinant of agricultural productivity and ecosystem sustainability, with rhizosphere fungi serving as important biological indicators of soil health. This study investigated the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and rhizosphere fungal communities associated with banana, sugarcane, groundnut, and chilli cultivated in different agroecosystems of Nandurbar District, Maharashtra, India. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected during winter, summer, and rainy seasons and analysed for pH, soil moisture, temperature, organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and alkalinity using standard analytical procedures. Fungal isolates were recovered using the serial dilution plate technique and identified through morphological characteristics. Marked seasonal and crop-specific variations were observed in both soil properties and fungal communities. The rainy season supported the highest fungal abundance and diversity, whereas comparatively lower populations were recorded during summer. Dominant fungal genera included Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Trichoderma, and Mucor, with their distribution closely associated with soil moisture, organic carbon, and nutrient availability. The findings indicate that soil physicochemical characteristics are closely associated with rhizosphere fungal dynamics and support the suitability of fungal communities as biological indicators of soil quality. Integrating microbial and soil fertility assessments provides an effective approach for monitoring ecosystem health and developing sustainable soil management strategies for improving agricultural productivity in semi-arid regions.
Integrating Healthcare, Education, and Social Care to Promote Psychological Resilience and Mental Health Among Adolescents
Adolescent mental health is influenced by interactions among healthcare services, educational environments, families, and social support systems, and coordinated support across these sectors may strengthen psychological resilience and mental well-being. This study assessed adolescents’ perceptions of healthcare, educational, and social support and their integration, examined their relationships with psychological resilience and mental well-being, and determined whether perceived support and integration predicted these outcomes. A quantitative cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among 80 adolescents aged 13–18 years using a structured 20-item questionnaire comprising four demographic questions and 16 five-point Likert-scale items. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s alpha, Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression, and independent-samples t tests. All questionnaire domains demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency. Significant positive relationships were observed among perceived support, integration and coordination, psychological resilience, and mental well-being, with resilience showing the strongest association with mental well-being. Regression analysis indicated that both perceived support and integration significantly predicted psychological resilience and mental well-being, while integration showed the stronger association with mental well-being. No significant gender differences or age-related associations were identified. Overall, the findings suggest that integrated healthcare, educational, and social support is positively associated with adolescent resilience and mental well-being and may provide a useful framework for strengthening adolescent mental health support.
Recycled and Waste Materials in Sustainable Concrete: A Critical Review of Environmental Benefits, Engineering Performance, Challenges, and Future Directions
Background: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and Sudden Unexplained Infant Deaths The rapid growth of infrastructure and urban development has resulted in increasing consumption of natural resources and generation of large quantities of construction, industrial, agricultural, and municipal waste. The incorporation of waste and recycled materials into concrete has therefore emerged as a promising approach for reducing the environmental impacts of conventional concrete and promoting sustainable and circular construction practices. This review critically examines the utilization of recycled concrete aggregates, industrial by-products, agricultural ashes, waste glass, plastic waste, rubber waste, and quarry waste as partial replacements for conventional concrete constituents. The review evaluates their influence on the fresh properties, mechanical performance, durability, environmental impact, and overall sustainability of concrete. The available literature indicates that recycled materials can reduce the consumption of natural aggregates and Portland cement, minimize waste disposal, conserve natural resources, and potentially reduce embodied carbon and energy consumption. However, their incorporation may also introduce challenges, including reduced workability, increased water absorption, weaker interfacial bonding, lower strength and stiffness at high replacement levels, delayed strength development, alkali–silica reaction, and considerable variability in material quality. The review further highlights that the environmental advantages of recycled concrete cannot be assessed solely on the basis of replacement percentages; transportation, processing energy, material quality, durability, service life, and end-of-life recycling must also be considered through life-cycle assessment. Significant research gaps remain in the combined use of multiple waste materials, long-term durability, full-scale structural validation, standardized characterization, and integrated performance–environmental assessment. Future research should focus on multi-waste concrete, life-cycle-based optimization, artificial intelligence-assisted mix design, and multi-objective assessment integrating strength, durability, cost, embodied carbon, and resource efficiency. Such developments can support the transition toward low-carbon, durable, resource-efficient, and circular concrete for sustainable construction.
Development And Validation of a Rapid RP-HPLC Method For Simultaneous Quantification of Five Phytoestrogens in Pueraria Tuberosa Root Extract
A rapid and validated RP-HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of five key phytoestrogens puerarin, genistein, daidzein, biochanin-A, and quercetin in Pueraria tuberosa root extract. Chromatographic separation was achieved within 12 minutes using a C18 column with gradient elution of 0.1% orthophosphoric acid in water and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min. Detection was performed at 205 nm with an injection volume of 10 µL. The method was validated according to regulatory guidelines, evaluating system suitability, precision, accuracy, specificity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). Excellent linearity (r² > 0.999) and high precision (RSD < 2%) were observed for all analytes. The novelty of this study lies in the development of a rapid and validated method for simultaneous estimation of five phytoestrogens within a short analytical run time. The method is simple, sensitive, and reliable, making it suitable for quality control, standardization, and routine analysis of P. tuberosa and its herbal formulations.
Buccal Drug Delivery System of Risperidone- Formulation and in Vitro, in Vivo Evaluation
Bio-adhesive buccal-delivery of drugs is one of alternative to the oral route of drug administration, particularly drugs that are having poor-bioavailability (BA) a first pass effect. The bioavailability of such drugs may be significantly improved if delivered through the buccal route. Risperidone is used widely for treating hypertension. The drug is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract but its bioavailability is low (30- 50%) due to extensive first pass metabolism. Since the buccal route bypasses the first-pass effect, the dose of Risperidone could be reduced by 50%. The physicochemical properties of Risperidone, its suitable half-life (3 7 h) a low molecular weight (196.64) used the oral route for small dose. Risperidone buccal muco-adhesive tablets were prepared by direct compression technique, using carbopol 934P, HPMC K4M as muco-adhesive polymers. Prepared formulations were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, ex-vivo residence time a in-vitro release studies. Further, in vivo pharmacokinetic studies were performed in pigs. The results of all the prepared tablets were within the acceptable pharmacopeial limits. The swelling a bio adhesive strength values were increased a drug-release (DR) was decreased with increasing the polymer concentration. From the results, tablets with Na CMC (F2) exhibited better release, which may be due to the hydrophilicity a water uptake by the tablet a were considered as optimized formulation. The optimized formulation F2 developed with HPMC K4M released 99.62±2.24% in 6 h. The release mechanism from kinetic methods suggests that, the drug-release (DR) follows zero-order kinetics with diffusion mechanism. The drug permeation was found to be 89.88%, while the flux a permeability coefficient of risperidone was calculated to be 0.668 mg h−1 cm−2 a 0.056 cm h−1, respectively. DSC studies confirming that there was no interaction between the drug and other excipients.3.09-folds enhance bio-adhesive in the oral bioavailability (BA) of risperidone from buccal tablet when compared with immediate release marketed formulation (Nepresol®). Thus, the buccal tablets of Risperidone showed enhanced BA a which was confirmed by in-vivo studies.
Avian Species Diversity and Population Dynamics in the Aravalli Region of Rewari, Haryana, India
The Aravalli Range, one of the oldest mountain systems in the world, supports diverse ecosystems that remain inadequately studied with respect to avian biodiversity. This study presents the first comprehensive systematic assessment of avian species diversity and population dynamics in the Aravalli Region of Rewari district, Haryana, India. Line transect distance sampling was conducted across 12 permanent transects spanning five habitat types (dry deciduous forest, scrubland, agricultural land, grassland, and human settlement) during four seasons over a 12-month period, yielding a total of 192 surveys. A total of 156 bird species belonging to 18 orders and 52 families were documented, with Passeriformes constituting the dominant order at 37.2% of all species recorded. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index reached its maximum value of 3.91 during the post monsoon season, reflecting the influence of seasonal climatic cycles on avian community structure. Dry deciduous forest emerged as the most species-rich habitat, supporting 78 species during the post-monsoon period. Population density estimates generated through distance sampling revealed House Crow (Corvus splendens) as the most abundant species at 22.0 individuals/kmZ. The study also recorded 12 species of conservation concern, including four vulture species classified as Critically Endangered or Endangered by the IUCN. Insectivorous species represented the most diverse feeding guild. These findings establish the Aravalli Region of Rewari as a significant avian diversity hotspot in the semi-arid landscape of northwestern India and underscore the urgent need for targeted conservation strategies to protect its threatened bird populations and fragile habitats.
Acute Effect of Resistance Exercise on Red Blood Cells (RBC), Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW) and Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Among Physically Trained Boys
Introduction: In this research, the examination of the acute effect of resistance exercise on Red blood cell (RBC), Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of physically trained boys has been aimed. Methods: Ten (10) physical education male students with an average age of 23.16±1.85 years participated in this study on voluntary basis. Red blood cell (RBC), Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of the students were analyzed before exercise (Pre-test) and just after 35 minutes of resistance exercise (Post-test). In order to determine all those hematological parameters, blood samples with 5 ml EDTA were taken from the forearm ante-cubical area before and after resistance exercise, and analyzed in laboratory with using auto-analyzer (Sysmex XP- 100). Result: Measurement results were presented as average and standard deviation. Student T-test for dependent samples was used in order to make a comparison between BE and AE values. P<-0.01 value was considered to be significant. The result of the study revealed that, the increase in AE than BE values for Red blood cell (RBC), Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) significantly. Conclusion: Conclusively, red blood cell (RBC) count, red cell distribution width (RDW), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) increased significantly following acute resistance exercise in physically active males.
Clinical Utility of Dr. J.T. Kent Repertory in Management of Hypothyroidism
Background- Hypothyroidism is one of the commonest metabolic disorder worldwide according to WHO sooner India will be the hub of Hypothyroidism. Many researchers had been done both allopathically and Homeopathically intervention. But TSQ score had been less used by both interventions. This study is different as TSQ score had been used for homoeopathic intervention proving in such a large scale that is sample size of 100 cases. Aim- To study the clinical utility of Dr. J.T. Kent repertory in management of hypothyroidism. Study design & Methodology- It was an experimental study of 100 cases of Hypothyroidism at OPD of Sri Ganganagar Homoeopathic Medical College, Hospital and Research Institute, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan. The data analysis was done on the basis of symptom score before treatment and after treatment using the assessment scale TSQ. Before treatment and after treatment scores were compared statistically using statistical tool paired t test. Result- A paired t-test was conducted to compare before and after score. Above table shows that at the time of first follow up (baseline) mean T score was 11.467± 2.501, on final follow up mean was decreased to2.367±4.263. Test statistic value is 13.28 and p-value (0.000) is very small, it suggests that we reject H0 and accept H1 that is, there is significant effect of Homoeopathic Medicine in Case of Hypothyroidism. Conclusion- Homoeopathic medicines selected according to the symptom similarity on the bases of the Dr. J.T. Kent’s repertory was found effective in the found cases of Hypothyroidism.
Seasonal Dynamics of Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation Potential in Nymphaea Nouchali and Lemna Minor from the Penna River, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
Background: Anthropogenic heavy metal pollution in lotic ecosystems represents a severe global threat to biodiversity and public health due to elemental toxicity and food chain biomagnification. Objective: This study investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics of toxic metal contamination and evaluates the comparative bioconcentration efficiencies of two native aquatic macrophytes, Nymphaea nouchali (rooted floating) and Lemna minor (free-floating), along the River Penna at Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India. Methods: Surface water and macrophyte samples were collected across three seasons (Pre-monsoon, Monsoon, and Post-monsoon) from two distinct locations: Sangam Barrage (agricultural influence) and Penna Bridge (urban sewage influence). Elements—Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), and Mercury (Hg)—were quantified using optimized Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) following specialized acid and dry ash digestions. Results: The results revealed a distinct spatial gradient, with the urbanized Penna Bridge station consistently exhibiting elevated elemental loads. Surface water concentrations of Pb reached an absolute peak of 0.160 ± 0.015 mg/L during the monsoon at Penna Bridge, more than doubling the levels observed at Sangam Barrage (0.070 ± 0.017 mg/L). Temporally, dissolved metal levels peaked during the monsoon, showing that regional precipitation drives surface runoff kinetics and catchment scouring rather than simple volumetric dilution. Ecotoxicological tissue profiling demonstrated species-specific extraction efficiencies. The free-floating Lemna minor functioned as a superior sink for Pb and Hg, maintaining a Pb Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) up to 0.800 and an Hg BCF up to 1.667. This high capacity is facilitated by full-surface vegetative immersion which maximizes passive biosorption. Conversely, the foliar structures of Nymphaea nouchali exhibited a highly efficient pathway for Cadmium translocation, achieving a maximum BCF of 5.000 during both monsoon and pre-monsoon stress phases. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) indicated that environmental shifts were statistically non-significant (p > 0.05), reflecting the highly dynamic, pulse-fed nature of open open-channel river ecosystems. Conclusion: Ultimately, both macrophytes serve as sensitive continuous bio-indicators. Managed populations can be strategically deployed as low-cost, sustainable phytoremediation tools to protect the ecological equilibrium of the River Penna basin.
Functional Enrichment of Algerian Olive Oils by Black Fig Maceration: Effects on Oxidative Stability, Bioactive Compounds, and Antibacterial Activity
The present study evaluates the impact of black fig (Ficus carica L.) maceration on the functional quality of Algerian virgin olive oils (cultivars Chemlal and Sigoise) during 45 days of storage. Physicochemical indices, total phenols, flavonoids, chlorophylls, carotenoids, DPPH, and ABTS.+ radical-scavenging activities (including IC50 values), and antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were assessed. Results show that storage increased free acidity, peroxide value, and UV extinction coefficients (K232and K270) while reducing phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Black fig maceration significantly mitigated these degradations by enriching the oils with phenols, flavonoids, and pigments, thereby enhancing antioxidant capacity. Filtration stabilized the enriched oils, though a marginal decrease in bioactive levels was observed. The two cultivars exhibited distinct enrichment profiles: Chemlal maintained higher DPPH activity, whereas Sigoise achieved greater phenolic gains. Antibacterial activity was most pronounced against Gram-positive strains and displayed a clear concentration-dependent effect. Multivariate analyses (PCA and HCA) confirmed the integrated effect of maceration and filtration on functional enrichment. This study demonstrates that black fig maceration is a natural and efficient strategy to synergistically enhance the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of olive oils, offering practical applications for functional food development.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Evaluation of Novel 1,5-Benzodiazepine–Coumarin Hybrids
A novel series of 1,5-benzodiazepine–coumarin hybrids 3(a–d) was efficiently synthesized via a straightforward three-step pathway using molecular hybridization strategies. The reaction sequence commenced with the preparation of 3-acetylcoumarin (1), followed by enamination with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMF-DMA) in the presence of catalytic acetic acid to afford enaminone intermediate 2. Subsequent cyclocondensation of intermediate 2 with various substituted o-phenylenediamines in ethanol using triethylamine (NEt3) under reflux conditions yielded the targeted novel hybrids 3(a–d) in high yields (72%–78%). The chemical structures of all prepared compounds were unambiguously established through 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic analyses. The in vitro antibacterial evaluation against a representative panel of Gram-positive (S. aureus, B. cereus, L. innocua) and Gram-negative (E. coli, P. aeruginosa) bacterial strains revealed variable to excellent growth-inhibitory activities. Among the tested derivatives, compound 3d (X = NO2) demonstrated exceptional broad-spectrum antibacterial potency, exhibiting the highest inhibition zones (18.49–25.41 mm) and the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (12.5–25 µg. mL-1). The structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis underscored the decisive role of electron-withdrawing groups (-NO2 > -Cl) at the aromatic ring in enhancing antimicrobial efficacy compared to electron-donating (-CH3) or unsubstituted (-H) derivatives. Overall, these findings highlight 1,5-benzodiazepine–coumarin hybrids as promising lead structures for the development of new antibacterial agents.
Synergistic effect of a mixture of Frankenia Florida (L chevall) plant extract with some antibiotics against some pathogenic bacterial species
The purpose of this study is to investigate and evaluate the antibacterial activities of Frankenia Florida (L chevall) extracts (ethanol/water) against four strains of bacteria: Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus(ATTC 25923) Bacillus Cereus and Condida Albicans using the diffusion method. The results revealed that all extracts have a certain biological activity against gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria at 1000 and 5000 g/ml. In addition, the extracts (ethanol/water) showed the highest activity, is against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The combination of Frankenia Florida (L chevall) with each of the standard antibiotics: Co-trimoxazole ( COT 25µg ), Metromidazole ( MT5µg ), Amikacin ( AK30µg ) Amoxicillin (AMX 25µg ), Cefazoline ( CZ 30µg ). They were more active and showed significant synergistic effects, extracts (ethanol/water) of medicinal plants Frankenia Florida (L chevall), It also showed strong synergistic effects. The results of this study suggest that Frankenia Florida (L chevall) be used to treat diseases caused by the organisms studied. Further, pharmacological and chemical studies can be carried out in order to isolate and identify the chemical constituents responsible for antimicrobial activity in selected plants.
Strategies For Preventing Medical Errors in Healthcare Practice
Medical errors in healthcare practice can lead to serious consequences for patients, including harm and even death. Therefore, it is crucial to implement effective strategies to prevent such errors and ensure patient safety. This study aims to explore various strategies that can be employed to reduce the occurrence of medical errors in healthcare practice. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to identify key approaches and interventions that have been successful in minimizing medical errors. The findings suggest that a combination of technology, education, communication, and a culture of safety are essential components in preventing medical errors. Technology-based solutions such as electronic health records (EHRs) and computerized physician order entry (CPOE) systems have shown promise in reducing medication errors and improving patient outcomes. Education and training programs for healthcare professionals on error recognition and reporting are also critical in enhancing patient safety. Effective communication among healthcare team members and with patients can help prevent errors related to miscommunication or misunderstandings. Furthermore, fostering a culture of safety within healthcare organizations, where reporting errors is encouraged and learning from mistakes is prioritized, can significantly reduce the likelihood of errors occurring. Overall, a multifaceted approach that combines technology, education, communication, and a culture of safety is essential in preventing medical errors in healthcare practice.
Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced Clinical Decision Support Systems in Emergency Medical Services: A Framework for Implementation and Evaluation
This paper proposes a comprehensive framework for implementing and evaluating AI-enhanced clinical decision support systems (AI-CDSS) in EMS, addressing identified gaps in current research regarding real-time decision support, validation methodologies, and ethical considerations.A review of current literature on AI applications in prehospital care was conducted, identifying key research gaps, technological capabilities, and implementation challenges. The proposed framework integrates technical specifications, clinical workflows, validation protocols, and ethical safeguards. The framework encompasses five core domains: (1) AI architecture and data integration, (2) clinical workflow integration, (3) validation and performance metrics, (4) ethical and legal considerations, and (5) continuous learning mechanisms. Key innovations include real-time multimodal data processing, explainable AI interfaces for paramedics, and prospective validation protocols.AI-CDSS represents a transformative opportunity for EMS, with potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy, reduce cognitive load, and improve patient outcomes. However, successful implementation requires rigorous prospective validation, attention to algorithmic bias, and preservation of clinical autonomy. Future research should prioritize field-based trials, diverse population validation, and long-term outcome studies.
Abdulrahman Bin Mohammed Bin Jaylan Majrashi
Agroecological Sustainability Of An Ingenious Agrosystem Recognised Worldwide (The Ghouts Of Taibet Region
The Ghout is an ingenious agrosystem registered by the FAO in the eastern Sahara of Algeria, characterized by the planting of palm trees in man-made craters at a depth that allows the roots to draw water directly from the water table. In Taibet, farmers remain steadfastly committed to this agrosystem, even though modern agriculture based entirely on irrigation is an option with very impressive results that could jeopardise the sustainability of traditional Ghout. The objective of this research is to assess the agroecological sustainability of traditional Ghouts based on the Farm Sustainability Indicators method through a simple random sample of ten farmers and an analysis of the results using descriptive analysis followed by an analysis based on the IDEA method model using Excel19 software. The results showed that the traditional Ghout agrosystem scored 67.5 points, favored by agricultural practices such as organic fertilisation and low pesticide use. Domestic diversity was found to be acceptable thanks to the enhancement and conservation of genetic heritage, while spatial organisation was disadvantaged by crop rotation and a lack of forage areas due to modest livestock farming. These results demonstrated the sustainability of the Ghout agrosystem, with the need for better spatial organisation. However, the adjustment of certain indicators to the local context is essential for a better assessment of the sustainability of the ingenious ‘Ghout’ agrosystem in Taibet.
Study of the Influence of Surface Water and Groundwater Pollution on Aquatic and Marine Life : Ecological and Environmental Approach: The Case of River Guebli in the Tamalous- Plain, Algeria
The water in our rivers is becoming dirty.. The environment quality is getting worse. That is a problem for our planet. This study looked at what happened to the water in the Tamalous Plain in Algeria from. We checked the water to see what was in it by looking at particles and metals. They used tools like the Piper diagram and other methods what kind of water it was and if it was good, for growing plants and other lifeWe want to know what is in the water and how it is affecting the living things in the river. So we will check the temperature and other things like pH and how much oxygen is in the water. We also want to know if there are any things like metals and other pollutants in the water. We are worried about how the pollution's affecting the ; animals and plants that live in the river and in the ocean where the river flows into. We will look at how the living things in the river're responding to the pollution and if they are getting sick or dying. We will take samples from parts of the river to see where the pollution is coming from and which areas are the most affected. This will help us understand what is happening to the Guebli River and how we can protect it. The results of this study will help us understand how pollution is affecting the river and the ocean. It will also give us information that we can use to monitor the water quality and prevent pollution. This is important for Algeria and for the world because we need to protect our water and our planet.
Environmental Quality Assessment of the Marine Coastal Ecosystem Annaba, Under the influence of the Seybouse River : Physical and Chemical Contamination and Metal Contamination of Surface Waters – Annaba, Algeria
The coastal area of Annaba in Algeria is facing a lot of problems because of things that people are doing. The Seybouse River is putting things into the Mediterranean Sea. This study wants to see how bad the environment is in the area of Annaba because of the Seybouse River. We are looking at things like the temperature and pH of the water. Also if there are bad metals like lead and cadmium in the water. We will take water samples from the river mouth and the coastal area near it. We will check the water for things like temperature. How salty it is. We also want to know if there are metals like copper and zinc in the water. We will compare what we find with what's allowed by the environmental standards. This will help us see how contaminated the water is and if it is bad, for the environment. The study of the Annaba coastal marine ecosystem will give us an idea of what is happening to the environment. We will see how the Seybouse River is affecting the water quality in the area of Annaba. The results of this study may help us come up with a plan to keep an eye on the environment and reduce pollution in the area of Annaba. This will help us manage the environment of Annaba in a better way
Comparative Performance of Commercial Versus Biosynthesized Chitosan Epichlorohydrin/Kaolinite Biocomposites for Methyl Orange Removal: Box Behnken Optimization, Adsorption Mechanism, and Density Functional Theory Calculations
Water contamination by synthetic dyes poses a serious environmental threat, driving the need for affordable and efficient adsorbents. This study developed two novel biocomposites by grafting commercial chitosan (c-CTS ECH/KC) and locally biosynthesized chitosan (b-CTS-ECH/KC) onto natural kaolinite clay from Algeria using epichlorohydrin as a crosslinking. Characterization via FTIR, BET, and EDX confirmed successful chitosan grafting and demonstrated an increase in surface area compared to raw kaolinite. Adsorption performance for methyl orange (MO) dye was optimized using response surface methodology, achieving maximum removal efficiencies of 82.6% and 80.2% for c-CTS-ECH/KC and b-CTS-ECH/KC, respectively. Kinetic studies revealed chemisorption as the rate limiting step, while equilibrium data fitted the Langmuir model for c-CTS-ECH/KC (qmax: 216.92 mg/g) and the Freundlich model for b-CTS-ECH/KC (qmax:204.082mg/g), indicating surface heterogeneity. Thermodynamic analysis showed the adsorption was spontaneous, endothermic, and entropy-driven. Computational DFT and NBO analyses supported the experimental findings, revealing enhanced surface reactivity upon chitosan modification and strong electrostatic interactions between chitosan's electron-rich amino groups and MO's sulfonate oxygens, alongside hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking. Overall, these chitosan-modified kaolinite biocomposites demonstrate significant promise as sustainable, cost-effective adsorbents for treating dye-contaminated wastewater.
Effect of Dietary Slow-Release Urea Supplementation on Some Productive and blood Traits of Lambs
This study was conducted at the sheep farm of the Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, during the period from 5/10/2025 to 5/1/2025. The study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with slow-release urea (SRU) on the productive performance of Awassi lambs. Fifteen Awassi lambs aged 3–4 months with an initial body weight of 24 ± 26 kg were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments. The first treatment served as the control group (without SRU supplementation), while the second and third treatments received diets containing 3% and 5% slow-release urea, respectively. The experiment lasted 12 weeks and was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The results indicated that supplementation with slow release urea had no significant effect on body weight gain during the early weeks of the experiment. However, the control group exhibited significantly higher body weights during the final weeks (weeks eleven and twelve) and consumed greater amounts of feed. Regarding low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), the second and third treatments showed significantly higher values than the control treatment, recording 64.40, 63.60, and 63.00 mg/dL, respectively.
Asst. Prof. Dr. Mwaffuk Hussain Aljumaily
Effects of decomposed sider (Ziziphus Spina) and B.O citrus (Citrus aurantium) leaves on seed germination, seedling growth and rooting of stem cuttings
The aim of this study is to determine the effect of fallen leaves from the bitter orange and jujube trees on seed germination and rooting of stem cuttings before and after the decomposition process. The results indicated the allelopathic effect of these leaves (orange and jujube leaves) on the percentage of seed germination, seedling growth, compared to the control treatment, and after a two-month from decomposition process, the treatment with decomposed sidr leaves had a positive effect on the percentage of tomato seed germination, reaching 95%, compared to 70% in the control treatment, while bitter orang stay had allelopathic effects on seed germination and stem cutting rooting after two months of decomposing.