Abstract

NPK compound fertilizer application and Plant spacing optimization are studied for their impact on the growth and development of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), to model nutrient management optimization across various agricultural settings. Application of Fertilizer is vital to the economic and biological improvement of crops by adding valuable nutrients like N, P, and K. These same principles of nutrient optimization are essential in Aquaculture and in the culture of highly valuable aquatic resources to advance the desired growth of marine plants and other species. The study was carried out in the southern region of Iraq in clay soil and with various NPK fertilizers (0, 80, 120, 160 kg ha⁻¹) applications and plant spacings (20, 30, and 40 cm). It was found that fertilizer at higher concentrations had a positive effect on growth traits, including plant height, branch number, leaf area, and dry matter yield. That​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌ spacing contributed even more to their growth, thus forming a synergistic combination. The findings of the study indicate that nutrient management is necessary in different ecosystems, for example, the marine environment, where the focus should be on aquaculture in the culture of high-value aquatic crops like fish. Through the embracement of technological innovations and the building of their resilience, entrepreneurs are leading the way in a win-win situation that is becoming a more and more digital and competitive ​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‍‍‌environment.

Keywords: NPK compound fertilizer, Plant spacing optimization, Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), Nutrient management, Aquaculture, Growth traits, Marine environment, Aquatic plants