Abstract

The detection of biomolecules has advanced quickly as a result of the biotechnology revolution. One way to effectively utilise these developments is through nanotechnology, which can be used to create continuous environmental monitoring systems. Although it has long been recognised that bacteria play a significant role in regulating a wide range of environmental processes, genomic research has only recently made it feasible to comprehend biological diversity in environmental systems. It will be essential to identify biological species through genetic analysis and evaluate the proteins that are being expressed in order to completely comprehend the interactions of biological systems in the environment. The capacity to perform biological analysis at incredibly low concentrations, beyond the detection limits of current biological sensors, will be necessary for this. Furthermore, it will be essential to measure a huge number of chemical and biological species at the same time and correlate these results across a wide range of length scales, from sub-micrometer to hundreds of kilometres, in order to completely comprehend environmental systems. Studies of the effects of combustion-generated nanoscale particles in ambient air on human cardiovascular health from a toxicological, epidemiological, and human health perspective are inconclusive when the bulk chemical composition of the particles is correlated with physiological response or health effects (health endpoints). As a result, measuring methods that differentiate the bulk particle interior from the chemical makeup and structure of particle surface layers are required. Targeting a particular molecule or chemical is the foundation of the majority of biological measurement methods currently in use. Measurement and sensing devices that can evaluate biological variety in the environment are necessary because the majority of microbial species are unknown.

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Environmental protection, Physical, Chemical, and biological properties.