Abstract

Coastal oil spills are one of the most prominent threats both economically and environmentally to the sensitive regions with active trade and commercial shipping activities. This study examines and compares techniques to cope with oil spills in coastal waters, paying particular attention to their effectiveness, ecological consequences, and marine applicability. Evaluation techniques included mechanical recovery using booms and skimmers, biological dispersants, in situ burning, bioremediation, and new emerging solutions based on nanotechnology. Each technique's advantages and disadvantages are reviewed considering the spill size, prevailing weather conditions, degree of water salinity, and ecological sensitivity of the area. Mechanical recovery is still the most commonly used technique because of its prompt application; however, bioremediation is a better long-term alternative. Chemical dispersants, though effective, pose additional environmental problems, which raises questions about their long-term viability. Emerging nanomaterials and biosorbents promise improving the effectiveness of oil removal while avoiding additional damage. The study also analyzes case studies from major routes and maritime ports to highlight practical problems and living applications. Results indicate using multiple strategies tailored to suit the specific region yields optimal results. The research results call for better oil spill contingency planning, rapid response mechanisms, eco friendly technologies, and efficient coastal ecosystem preservation that sustain marine commerce and biodiversity.

Keywords: Oil spill, Remediation, Techniques, Effectiveness, Coastal waters, Maritime, Environmental impact