Abstract

One of the main issues facing development theorists and policymakers in recent decades has been the depletion and degradation of Common Pool Resources (CPR). This is especially true in nations like India, where the vast majority of the impoverished in rural areas rely on resources like pastures, forests, groundwater, and others to make a living. But when it comes to common resources, governance and choosing the right institutions to administer them are two of the most important factors. This topic has generated a lot of discussion among social scientists, especially mainstream economists. Some believe that when market arrangements fail, the state is the best option, while others believe that privatization is the only way to solve the problem. It should be noted that, up until the 1980s, most academics believed that the people who used these resources couldn't organize themselves to manage them, thus they suggested that the government or private sector should be imposed. These discussions frequently make the assumption that the lines between the public, private, and communal types of resource tenure are clearly established.

Keywords: Environmental, Governance, Social exclusion