Abstract

This paper investigates the effectiveness of nature-based solutions (NbS) for coastal ecosystem restoration, specifically living shorelines and reconstructed wetlands, which are found to have significant value for biodiversity and ecosystem service restoration, as well as for coastal erosion mitigation. Erosion, habitat loss, and depletion of living resources affect coastal ecosystems and result from climate change, human activity, rising sea levels, and inadequate engineered solutions that are long-lasting and sustainable. Natural processes aid the restoration and sustainable resilience of coastal ecosystems, and engineered approaches, such as living shorelines and wetland reconstruction, are integral to this process. The designed NbS along differently positioned coasts is the focus of this comparative study, which uses remote sensing, field surveys, and hydrodynamic modeling as data sources. Key indicators of the environment include restored wetlands and living shorelines, which support ecosystem stabilization, erosion control, and biodiversity enhancement. Findings confirmed that those constructed with indigenous bioengineering techniques significantly boost biodiversity and reduce coastal erosion. Restored wetlands increase the value of the natural habitats they "reconstruct" and "rehabilitate" while improving the wetland's ecosystem functions. Controlled restored wetlands also enhance the quality of water for the community's use and benefit. Rebuilding coastal ecosystems using natural methods, such as living shorelines and wetland reconstruction, is inexpensive and environmentally friendly. These solutions build resilience against climate extremes and protect against catastrophic storms. Developing urban coastal plans for cities and prioritizing their integration into urban planning are the biggest challenges.

Keywords: Coastal restoration, Nature-based solutions, Living shorelines, Wetland reconstruction, Coastal ecosystems, Climate resilience, Biodiversity