Abstract

Invasive aquatic species pose a significant threat to global biodiversity, ecosystem stability, and the functioning of water bodies. Their introduction, whether due to human activities such as shipping, aquaculture, or the aquarium trade, commonly has multifaceted effects on native species, including competition, predation, hybridization, and the introduction of exotic pathogens. Such interactions may interfere with food webs and nutrient recycling, ultimately destroying native species populations and genetic diversity. Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha), Nile perch (Lates niloticus), and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) are invasive species that have radically altered freshwater and marine ecosystems worldwide, causing the decline or extinction of native species. Their intensity varies based on environmental factors, history of invasion, and the strength of the local communities. These dynamics are essential to understand to develop effective management strategies that include early detection, prompt response, and habitat restoration. The review is a compilation of existing studies on the ecological dynamics of invasive and native aquatic species and the processes that have caused biodiversity loss. It highlights the need to adopt ecosystem-based, integrated solutions to mitigate the ecological and economic impacts of biological invasions in aquatic ecosystems.

Keywords: Invasive species, Aquatic ecosystems, Native species, Biodiversity loss, Ecological interactions, Ecosystem impact, Conservation management