Abstract

The use of CRISPR-Cas9 technology to improve Nile tilapia's disease resistance genetically remains uncharted, as the present study shows. With respect to the immune regulatory genes TLR5, MHC II, and IFN-γ, the study realized remarkable editing (87.5%) and improvement of resistance to pathogens with minimal off-target editing. The increase of immune genes, along with high relative percent survival (up to 88%), affirmed the improvement of innate and adaptive immune systems. The results illustrated the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 technology to transform biotechnology in fish breeding to a radical level. The extensive use of CRISPR technology illustrated its potential to transform biotechnology in the fish industry. The interaction of various approaches (multi-omics), such as transcriptomics and functional assays, is what makes target definition and functional validation effective in reducing the potential impacts of non-beneficial edits. Safe and efficient nanoparticle-mediated RNP delivery systems are a means of reducing regulatory and environmental concerns associated with editing systems. This serves as evidence of a practical and reproducible framework relative to the use of sustainable aquaculture. Incorporating individual genomics, especially CRISPR-Cas9 technology, into the genetics of aquatic species must consider sustainable application frameworks to avoid overexploitation of the technology's potential. For instance, editing of multi-gene networks opens new possibilities. Processing CRISPR modifications focused on immune networks will result in systems balanced with tolerances to the disease. Environmentally sound and tissue-specific delivery designs will continue to hold importance. Therefore, the use of biodegradable and pH-regulated nanoparticles will aid in targeted and tissue-specific delivery. Sustained improvement will be essential to optimize gains in the edited fish populations, and this will require assessment over generations to determine growth, reproduction, stress, and other physiological parameters to determine fish balance, so the edited traits are positive and heritable. CRISPR-Cas variant systems and other base editors, like Cas12a, Cas13, and prime editing, will be able to precisely silence genes, control the regulation of genes, and avoid double-strand breaks. Responsible use will come with ethical and regulatory integration. Risk assessment, public engagement, and biosafety guidelines can connect social acceptance to commercial use. Sustainable aqua farming combines and integrates innovative biotechnological solutions aimed at the global market and focuses on developing resilient and disease-tolerant aqua farming systems. This involves the collection and analysis of relevant information, streamlining the identification of innovative techniques for disease resistance, and monitoring the relevant data for systems pertaining to sustainable aquaculture.

Keywords: Machine learning, Discrete cosine transform, Traffic video monitoring, Robust local ternary pattern (DRLTP)